The Crystal Color Wheel is the Real Color Wheel

[1] YELLOW, #13, #16, #50, #57, #67

---YELLOW TO BROWN, #13, #19

---YELLOW, BROWN, NEUTRAL DARK, BLUE, #63

[2] ORANGE, #07, #52

[3] RED, #4, #6, #16, #35, #50, #71

[4[ CRIMSON, #4, #12

[5] MAGENTA, #16, #28

[6[ PURPLE, #16, #17

[7[ ULTRA BLUE, #16, #25, #57, #61

[8] AZURE, #27

[9] CYAN, #25, #50, #51, #66

[10] TURQUOISE, #38, #62

[11] GREEN, #26, #50

[12] YELLOW-GREEN, #03, #17

Al = ALUMINUM, +63

Be = BERYLLIUM, +13

Fe = IRON, -17

Fe = IRON, +03

W = TUNGSTEN, +77

Ti = TITANIUM, +42

Ti = TITANIUM, +21

Ti = TITANIUM, +19
 
 

Ba = BARIUM, +31

Fe = IRON, +36

Ti = TITANIUM, +42

Ti = TITANIUM, +42
 
 

Fe = IRON, -18

Mg = MAGNESIUM, +15

Mg = MAGNESIUM, +77

Ti = TITANIUM, +28

[Titanium can cross over the neutral center to become the opposite color in the same compound, blue to yellow]

Zn = ZINC, +15
 

--- CRYSTAL TERMS  58

STANDARD COLOR IN ORE AND MINERAL GLOSSARY TERMS  59

CRYSTAL ORE AND MINERAL CHEMISTRY, DEFINITION, TERMS, GLOSSARY  60

--- COLOR WHEEL IN ELEMENTS AND CRYSTAL  64

--- CRYSTALS, LIGHT AND COLOR TERMS  66

CRYSTAL CHROMATE ELEMENTS, COLOR PRODUCING 68

--- ELEMENT, SYM., NO., S/G, DESCRIPTION  69
 

---- 00, DIAMOND 73
---- 01, LIDDICOATITE  73

---- 02, CHALCOPYRITE  73
---- 03, SPHALERITE  73
---- 04, CINNABAR  73
---- 05, GALENA  74
---- 06, REALGAR  74
---- 07, ORPIMENT  74
---- 08, STIBNITE  74
---- 09, PYRITE  74
---- 10, PROUSTITE  74
---- 11, PYRARGYRITE  74

---- 12, CUPRITE  75
---- 13, CHRYSOBERLE  75
---- 14, SPINEL  75
---- 15, ZINCITE  75
---- 15, ZINC SILIATE  75
---- 16, CORUNDUM  76
---- 17, QUARTZ  76
---- 18, OPAL  76
---- 19 RUTILE  77
---- 20 ANATASE 77
---- 21 CASSITERITE  77
---- 22 HEMATITE 77

---- 23 HALITE  77
---- 24, FLUORITE  78
---- 25, CUMENGEITE  78

---- 26, MALACHITE  78
---- 27, AZURITE  78
---- 28, CALCITE  78
---- 29 ARAGONITE  79
---- 30 DOLOMITE  79
---- 31 WITHERITE  79
---- 32 SMITHSONITE  79
---- 33 AURICHALCITE  79
---- 34 CERUSSITE  79
---- 35 RHODOCHROSITE  79
---- 36 SIDERITE  79

---- 37, DIOPTASE  80
---- 38, CHRYSOCOLLA  80
---- 39, PHENAKITE  80
---- 40, WOLLASTONITE  80
---- 41, DIOPSIDE  80
---- 42, SPHENE  80
---- 43, ZIRCON  81
---- 44, SERANDITE 81
---- 45, OLIVINE  81
---- 46, KYANITE 81
---- 47, SPODUMENE 82
---- 48, LEUCITE  82
---- 49, ORTHOCLASE 82
---- 50, BERYL  82
---- 51, EUCLASE 83
---- 52, GROSSULAR  83
---- 53, LABRACORITE  83
---- 54, SPESSARTINE  83
---- 55, ALMANDINE  84
---- 56, EPIDOTE  84
---- 57, VESUVIANITE  84
---- 58, APOPHYLLITE 84
---- 59, TOPAZ  85
---- 60, ELBAITE  85
---- 61, LAPIS LAZULI  85
 

---- 62, TURQUOISE 86
---- 63, WAVELLITE  86
---- 64, BRAZILIANITE  86
---- 65, AUTUNITE 86
---- 66, VIVIANITE  86
---- 67, LEGRANDITE  87
---- 68, FLUORAPATITE  87
---- 69, PYROMORPHITE  87
---- 70, MIMETITE  87
---- 71, VANADINITE  87

---- 72, GYPSUM  88
---- 73, CELESTINE  88
---- 74, BARITE  88

---- 75, CROCOITE  88

---- 76, WULFENITE  88

---- 77, SCHEELITE, 88
---- 78 WOLFRAMITE  89

--- WHITE 97
--- BLACK  97
--- YELLOW  98
--- ORANGE  98
--- -RED  99
--- MAGENTA  99
--- BROWN  100
--- PURPLE  100
--- BLUE  100
--- CYAN  101
--- GREEN  101
 

Calcite crystal, [CaCo₃], makes the perfect Cyan color with Copper in the Iceland Spar Crystal. Yellow is made with Iron, and Magenta is the Sphaerocobaltite Pink Calcite Crystal made with allochromatic Cobalt. The Calcite Crystal is also a natural polarizing filter.

Quartz, [Si02], Iron Rose Quartz and Manganese Amethyst both touch on the Magenta color. Copper makes Green to Cyan Chalcedonie and the opposite color Red Carnelian. Allochromatic Nickel makes a cool Yellow Chrysoprase Crystal, added Iron makes a warm yellow to orange Citrine Quartz Crystal.

Iron makes all three primary colors in the crystal Corundum, [A1₂0₃], plus making the secondary colors Red, Ult. Blue and Green. The Red and Green have added Chromium.

ANALOGOUS HARMONY colors are side by side around the rim of the color wheel. Centering, means moving from the high chroma rim to the center's natural dark position.
COMPLEMENT HARMONY colors are opposite colors, 180 degrees apart, triadic colors form an equilateral triangle, they're 120 degrees between colors.
SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY colors are on each side of the opposite color, making a "Y".  A triad without secondaries is the first split set of complements.

Aluminum -  Is easily displaced by other elements, makes yellow and sometimes blue colors.

Arsenic - Yellow, orange red and sometimes greenish.

Cadmium - Green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, red to deep red.  Cadmium is not a solid crystal pigment but a a substratum dye.

Chromium -  Makes an analogous system of connected colors. Green [emerald], Yellow-green, Yellow, Orange, and Red [ruby].

Cobalt - Oxides and native make Magenta [MMMM] and cool magenta [MMMMMMMC], natural or calcined to Cobalt Blue [MCCC] and Ultramarine Blue [MMCC].

Copper - Green [CCYY] is in the mineral malachite, Cyan-green [CCCY] in turquoise, cyan-blue [CCCC] in azurite, all analogous colors of the copper element.

Iron - Yellow [YYYY] in sapphire, Blue [MMCC] in spinel both opposite colors. Green [CCYY] and Red[YYMM] in sphalerite.

Coppreas - green vitriol, or ferrous sulfate.

Lead - White, Yellow, Orange, Red, Brown-Purple Mortuum.

Manganese - Light (tint) Pink-Orange [YYMM] in spessartine and rhodochrosite.

Nickel - Yellow-Green [YYYC] in chrysoprase.

Titanium - White pigment, titanium dioxide. Titanium is a centering element that goes from Yellow to Orange, then Red to Brown and Brown to Blue in the Rutile crystal. It is an element that can cross over the center dark, reaching its complementary color Ultramarine Blue. The Real Color Wheel uses this pattern to darken Yellow instead of using Black as in RGB color wheel.
The "centering" term means the crystal itself has the ability and changes from any full spectrum color to a dark colorless color. This color scale is different in each crystal. The Real Color Wheel follows the crystals lead.

Vanadium - Green [CCYY] in beryl, Yellow [YYYY], Brown [YYMMCC].

Zinc - Yellow-green in sphalerite. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY, [S/G] Is the ratio of size to weight by water displacement, Corundum SG=4, is four times the weight of the same volume of water. Archimedes' Principle, SG= A/A-W.

ELEMENT SYM No. S/G

Aluminum Al 13 2.7 metallic, ore bauxite.

Antimony Sb 51 4.6 brittle metallic, ore stibnite.

Arsenic As 33 --- poisonous, pentavalent As⁺⁵.

Astatine At 85 --- rare element, halogen family, unstable.

Barium Ba 56 3.5 malleable, active, divalent metal, compounds in barite.

Beryllium Be 4 1.8 hard, light, divalent, steel-gray metallic element,

idiochromatic primary and secondary colors.

Boron B 5 --- ore of Borax.

Bromine Br 35 3.1 liquid, dark-red fuming, resembling chlorine and iodine.

Cadmium Cd 48 8.6 divalent metallic element, allied to zinc, Pigment in 1842.

Calcium Ca 20 --- divalent metal, compounds limestone, chalk, gypsum.

Carbon C 6 --- Diamond and graphite are organic, polymorphs of carbon, graphites two dimensional atomic structure is flat, and is soft graphite, black. The three- dimensional tetrahedrally-oriented covalent bond of diamonds is strong, hard and clear, the opposite of carbon. Diamonds can receive the full range of colors from other elements, they are allochromatic. The opposite color to black is clear, not white.

Chlorine Cl 17 --- Gaseous, combined in salt.

Chromium Cr 24 --- Brittle metallic, source of red in allochromatic compounds.

Cobalt Co 27 --- Metallic silver pink element.

Copper Cu 29 8.92 Malleable, red-brown metal element.

Fluorine F 9 --- Non-metallic corrosive pale yellow gas, combined in fluorite.

Gold Au 19.3 Yellow malleable metal.

Hydrogen H 1 --- Colorless inflammable gas, lightest element.

Iodine I 53 4.93 dark-gray crystalline solid, heats to a dense violet vapor.

Iron Fe 26 7.86 Malleable metallic, silver element. A full spectrum element.

Lead Pb 82 11.34 Malleable, blue-gray metal.

Lithium Li 03 .53 Silver-white. Soft, lightest metallic.

Magnesium Mg 12 1.74 Silver-white metallic, burns white hot.

Manganese Mn 25 7.2 Brittle, gray-white element, allochromatic.

Mercury Hg 80 13.55 Fluid silver-white metallic element.

Molybdenum Mo 42 10.2 Hard, silver-white high melting, metalloid.

Nickel Ni 28 8.9 Hard silver-white, malleable, allochromatic element.

Oxygen O 8 --- Colorless gas, converts elements into oxide compounds.

Phosphorus P 15 1.82 Solid non-metallic element in two allotropic forms, yellow, poisonous, inflammable and luminous. Red, now rare, is less potent, [SG] 2.20.

Platinum Pt 78 2.5 Malleable, gray metallic element.

Potassium K 19 .86 Silver-white metallic, oxidizes rapidly.

Selenium Se 34 4.8 Gray, non-metallic allotropic element, resembles sulfur.

Selenium Se 34 4.5 Red, similar to gray.

Silicon Si 14 2.4 Non-metallic element, amorphous and crystalline forms.

Silver Ag 47 10.5 Malleable silver element.

Sodium Na 11 .97 Soft silver-white metallic element, oxidizes in moist air.

Strontium Sr 38 2.6 Bivalent metallic element found only in a combined state.

Sulfur S 16 2.07 Nonmetallic solid element, used to form sulfates as white lead pigment, and sulfides, burns blue.

Titanium Ti 22 4.5 Dark gray powdered metallic element

Tin Sn 50 7.31 Malleable, low melting silver colored metal.

Tungsten W 74 19.3 Bright-gray, metallic.

Uranium U 92 18.7 White, radioactive, metallic.

Vanadium V 23 5.96 Gray powder metallic, rare.

Zirconium Zr 40 6.4 Metallic, resembles titanium.

Zinc Zn 30 7,14 Blue-white metallic element.
 

SULPHIDES, ARSENIDES, ANTIMONIDES,
1,Liddicoatite, 2,Chalcopyrite, 3,Sphalerite, 4,Cinnabar, 5,Galena
6,Realgar, 7,Orpiment, 8,Stibnite, 9,Pyrite, 10,Prousite, 11,Pyrargyrite
OXIDES, HYDROXIDES, 12, Cuprite, 13, Chrysoberle, 14, Spinel, 15,Zincite, 15,Zinc
Siliate, 16,Corumdum, 17,Quartz, 18,Opal, 19,Rutile, 20,Anatase, 21,Cassiterite, 22,Hematite, 23,Halite
HALIDES, 24,Fluorite, 25,Cumengeite,
CARBONATES, 26,Malachite 27,Azurite, 28,Calcite, 29,Aragonite, 30,Dolomite, 31,Witherite, 32,Smithsonite, 33, Aurichalcite, 34,Cerussite, 35,Rhodochrosite, 36,Siderite
SILICATES, 37,Dioptase, 38,Chrysocolla, 39, Phenakite, 40,Wollastonite, 41,Diopside, 42,Sphene 43,Zircon, 44,Serandite, 45,Olivine, 46,Kyanite, 47,Spodumene, 48,Leucite, 49,Orthoclase, 50,Beryl, 51,Euclase, 52,Grossular, 53,Labradorite, 54,Spessartine, 55,Almandine, 56,Epidote, 57,Vesuvianite, 58,Apophyllite, 59,Topaz, 6O,Elbaite, 61,Lapis Lazuli,
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, 62,Turquoise, 63,Wavellite, 64,Brazilianite, 65,Autunite, 66,Vavianite, 67,Legrandite, 68,Fluorapatite, 69,Pyromorphite, 70,Mimetite, 71,Vanadinite,
SULFATES, 72,Gypsum, 73,Celestine, 74,Barite,
CHROMATES, 75,Crocoite,
MOLYBDATES, 76,Wulfenite,
TUNGSTATES, 77,Scheelite, 78,Wolframite
 

00,

DIAMOND, C, [Hardness] H10, Diamonds can receive the full range of colors from other elements, they are allochromatic. This section describes the color and properties each element adds.

01,

LIDDICOATITE, a six sided continuous crystal, clear and colored by iron. The colors of magenta and green are separated in sections and graduated from one end to the other in each crystal, a natural color opposition. All mineral oppositions match my pigment and light color wheel.

02,

CHALCOPYRITE, CuFeS₂, [Hardness], H3.5, [specific gravity] SG-4.2. Ore of copper, tetragonal crystal system. It occurs on crystals of galena and has a brassy yellow opaque, metallic color. Idiochromatic colors of iron. 

03,

SPHALERITE, Zn,S, H3.5, SG-3.9, zinc blend, ore of zinc, cubic system, idiochromatic colors.

ZINC, yellow-green, standard color #11, [CYYY], transparent.

IRON, Idiochromatic colors from, yellow, tan, brown, black, orange and red. High dispersion showing the spectrum like a diamond.

CHROMIUM, crimson and dark green. Transparent to opaque. 

04,

CINNABAR, HgS, H2, SG-8.09, sulphide of mercury ore.

MERCURY, red, standard color #3, [YYMM], opaque, vermilion-red to brown is the color scale for the masses, and transparent scarlet is the color for crystals. Cinnabar has internal coloring, idiochromatic coloring, because the color comes from the element that's crystallizing, in this case mercury, the liquid metal. The amorphous mass is crushed and used as the pigment vermilion, it's a heavy and a fast drier. Precious and rare. 

05,

GALENA PbS, H2, SG-7.6, ore of lead, sulfide, cubic crystals often twinning. Oxides are white lead pigment. 

06,

REALGAR, AsS, H1.5, SG-3.56, monoclinic crystal system.

ARSENIC sulphide, red standard color, #3, [YYMM], transparent to opaque. Realgar was crushed as a pigment by the ancients as the first red. It's an idiochromatic crystal pigment.

07,

ORPIMENT,As₂₃, H1.5, SG-3.4, monoclinic, transparent to opaque.

ARSENIC di-sulphide, orange standard color, #2, [YYYM], yellow to orange pigments, crushed, idiochromatic pigment.

08,

STIBNITE, Sb₂₃, H2, SG-4.6, ore of antimony, orthorhombic crystal system, lead-gray metallic. Antimony oxide native, is Naples yellow pigment. 
 

09,

PYRITE, FeS₂, H6, SG-5, cubic, metallic brass-yellow.
 

10,

PROUSTITE, Ag3AsS₃, H2, SG-5.6, trigonal, transparent. SILVER and ARSENIC, crimson color at it's best. It tarnishes because of the silver content, idiochromatic, silver added the deep magenta to the red of arsenic. 

11,

PYRARGYRITE, Ag3SbS3, H2.5, SG-5.85, ore of silver, trigonal.

SILVER AND ANTIMONY, a deep warmer crimson than proustite. Idiochromatic, deep crimson, transparent, dark in mass. 
 
 

12,

CUPRITE,Cu20, H3.5, SG-6.14, cubic, crystals found on copper.

COPPER, crimson, standard color #4, [YMMM], transparent. Crimson cuprite crystals are opposite in color to the turquoise colored copper sediment, chalcocite. Idiochromatic. 

13,

CHRYSOBERLE, BeAl₂O₄, H8+, SG-3.74, orthorhombic crystal.

BERYLLIUM, standard yellow centering to brown crystal.

ALUMINUM, yellow is aluminum's home base, but color isn't really it's strong suite, it's the light tricks that make it a special crystal element.

The "cat's eye" gem, it has an opposite color line of light inside, a pale ultramarine blue. Instead of just giving color, aluminum has an array of light tricks to perform with.

14,

SPINEL, MgA1204, H8+, SG-3.6, cubic octahedra, idiochromatic.

MANGANESE, deep transparent red pigment color that lightens to Cadmium Red opaque. The Ruby is Cadmium Red transparent. Idiochromatic.

ALUMINUM, adds yellow sometimes, enhances other elements. CHROMIUM, allochromatic chromium, which gave the red to rubies gives spinel a real kick in the red mass dark, and it never leaves the red spectrum color.

COBALT, bright blue, with allochromatic cobalt, it does well here in aluminum's opposite second home.

15,

ZINCITE, [Zn,Mn]O, H4, SG-5.6, Native zinc oxide, ore of zinc,

MANGANESE, yellow-orange to deep red, idiochromatic, it could be a pigment, rare, brittle, and opaque.

15, ZINC SILIATE, is found in New Jersey, at the Franklin Mine.

ZINC, yellow, yellow-green and green transparent, and opaque white, opaque yellow, orange, red, brown and black. Idiochromatic zinc makes all the colors except those in the cyan spectrum. 

16,

CORUNDUM, Al₂O₃,H9 STANDARD MOHS', SG-3.99, trigonal system, transparent.

CHROMIUM added for red and green, allochromatic.

IRON, makes crystals in blue, cyan, dark-green, yellow, orange, red and magenta. All transparent, all brittle, and all expensive as crushed pigments.

Ruby is the standard transparent red, #3, [YYMM]. It's opposition color mixing to dark neutral is Thalo Blue,(Cyan). In pigments, Thalo Blue Transparent mixes dark with Cadmium Red Opaque also. The other oppositions in paint are acrylic Thalo Green and Acra Violet by Liquitex. Burnt Umber (for yellow) and Opaque or Transparent Ultramarine Blue. All these pigment oppositions are in the painting section and as individual colors. Clicking here will take you to the Oil Paint  Palette section in new window.
Clicking here will take you to the Pigment Chip Chart of oppositions in a new window.

Sapphire blue is the standard transparent blue, #7. [MMCC].

Sapphire yellow is the standard transparent yellow, #1, [YYYY].

Sapphire pink deep is the standard magenta, #5, [MMMM].

ALUMINUM is just one surprise after another, here it is, the softest metal element making the hardest hydroxide, only the softer carbon element makes a harder crystal, the diamond is H10 STANDARD MOHS'. 

17,

QUARTZ, SiO₂, H7 STANDARD MOHS', SG-2.65 trigonal, clear crystal with allochromatic colors.

MANGANESE, standard purple, #6, [MMMC], transparent, amethyst crystals are from magenta to purple.

IRON, rose quartz is a light magenta. Citrine is from yellow to orange, centering dark, through brown. Iron also gives black [deep-red] to onyx, and red and orange in fire agate.

A second verity of quartz is mass and opaque, the aggregate crystals are too small to see.

COPPER, green to cyan, chalcedonies, jasper, and red carnelian, two opposing colors.

NICKEL, yellow-green standard color, #12, [CTTT], chrysoprase. Quartz has a complete range of colors except for ultramarine blue. All allochromatic with foreign elements, giving color to the crystal. Brittle, easy to crush into pigments. 

18,

OPAL, Si02+NH₂O, H6.5, SG-2.1, amorphous crystal, diffraction from spheroids give color. Transparent, translucent and opaque in different crystals. 
 

19,

RUTILE, TiO₂, H6.5, SG-4,23, tetragonal.

TITANIUM, red to brown and yellow to brown, colors centering to neutral dark. Just on the other side of the darkest center in the coloring wheel, brown is mixing with ultramarine blue and getting cooler, some of that blue color shows up. Titanium is the only element that can cross over the dark center. Idiochromatic. Transparent, translucent and opaque in the same crystal. Purple rutile is also found in the Alps, idiochromatic.

TITANIUM, yellow to yellow-brown or red to red-brown, brown changes to a neutral dark by continued mixing with the opposite spectrum colors, ultramarine, azure and cyan. All idiochromatic within titanium.

21,

20,

ANATASE, Tio2 H5.5, SG-3.9, tetragonal, metallic luster.

CASSITERITE, Sn0₂, H6, SG-6.9, ore of tin, tetragonal, metallic. The crystals are clear, yellow, red-brown or black. A one trick pony. This is the yellow pigments natural trip to neutral dark.

22,

HEMATITE, Fe₂O₃ r H5r SG-5.26, ore of iron, trigonal reniform masses, Cadmium Red streak, metallic.
 
 

23,

HALITE, NaC₁, H2.5, SG-2.2, salt is a cubic crystal that may show orange, spectrum purple #6 [MMMC] or blue coloration. It is brittle, soluble, and transparent. 

24,

FLUORITE, CaF₂, H4, SG-3.18, cubic system. Fluorite is allochromatic, it accepts a range of eleven colors, there is no cyan color. Fluorite is also a fluorescent, green to violet, Translucent. 

25,

CUMENGEITE, .Pb₂₁Cu₂OC₁₄₂[OH]40, H2.5, SG=4.6, cubic or tetragonal, two different crystals, depending on the majority mineral element.

LEAD, standard ultramarine blue color, #7,[MMCC], opaque, idiochromatic. Cumengeite.

COPPER, standard cyan color, #9,[CCCC], opaque, idiochromatic. Boleite crystals. 

26,

MALACHITE, Cu₂[C0₃][0H]2, H4, SG-3.6, mass or monoclinic systems.

COPPER, green standard color, #11,[CCYY], opaque, crushed pigment, idiochromatic.

27,

AZURITE, Cu3[CO₃]2[0H]2, H3.5, SG-3.7, monoclinic.

COPPER, Standard Azure color, #8, [MCCC]. Cyan-blue transparent to opaque, shows blue in mass. This was a popular ancient pigment color, crushed, rare. Copper Blue and lead white or vermilion will turn black, so there must be a painting isolation layer. It was usually applied with egg and varnished over and never mixed with other colors. The many hues and opacities of azurite ranging from an opaque ultramarine blue, cobalt blue to a opaque or transparent cyan, all effected by oil in a bad yellowing way. 

28,

CALCITE, CaCO₃, H3 STANDARDMOHS', SG-2.7, trigonal crystals, also aggregate and mass, colorless transparent to translucent.

IRON, Yellow allochromatic.

COPPER, "Iceland Spar", Cyan, allochromatic, polarizing filter.

COBALT, "Sphaeroc Cobaltite", standard Magenta Cool,#5, [MMMM], allochromatic.

29,

ARAGONITE, CaCo3, H3, SC-2.94, ortharhombic system, phosphorescent, clear.

30,

DOLOMITE, CaMg[Cu₃]2, H3.5, SG-2.85, trigonal, translucent clear, double refraction like the diamond.

31,

WITHERITE, BaCO₃, H3.5, SG-4.3, orthorhombic crystal system with twinned hexagonal pyramids, that's like the four sided pyramid the Egyptian's were so fond of. Light-translucent, colorless or centering yellow-green to brown, allochromatic. Ore source of barium, found with lead. Pigment extender. 

32, 

SMITHSONITE, ZnCO₃, H4, SG-4.4, trigonal crystal system.

ZINC, translucent green, Idiochromatic, pale. 

33,

AURICHALCITE, [Zn,Cu]5[Cu₃]2[0H]6, H1, SG-3.64, orthorhombic. White opaque.

ZINC AND COPPER, turquoise-green outside, white inside, opaque, crystal forming fragile hollow balls, idiochromatic.

34,

CERUSSITE, PbC03, H3.5, SG-6.5, orthorhombic of many forms, clear transparent, brittle lead and carbon.
 

35,

RHODOCHROSITE, MnCO₃, H3.5, SG-3.7, scalenohedral crystals in the trigonal system, opaque and transparent.

MANGANESE, red standard color, #3, [YYMM], idiochromatic. 

36

SIDERITE, FeCO₃, H4.0,SG-3.9, trigonal, rare gemstones.

IRON, yellow-green to brown, centering colors in different crystals, transparent or translucent. This crystal is the cool side of the Yellow scale to neutral dark. 
 
 

37,

DIOPTASE, CuSiO2[OH]2, H5, SG-3.3, trigonal, opaque.

COPPER, Dark-turquoise standard color, #10,[CCCY], idiochromatic, brittle. An ideal native pigment.

38,

CHRYSOCOLLA, [Cu,Al]₂H₂Si₂O₅[OH]4.nH₂O, H2, [with quartz H7], SG-2,6, monoclinic aggregate, idiochromatic copper.

COPPER, turquoise standard color, #10, [CCCY], pale opaque.

Rare crushed opaque pigment, replaced by man made Egyptian frit for a huge market by the Phoenicians.

39,

PHENAKITE, Be₂SiO₄, H7.5, SG-3, trigonal rhombohedral crystals, clear, allochromatic, triadic. NOTICE: CLEAR IS OPPOSITE OPAQUE. WHITE IS A TRANSLUCENT TO OPAQUE NOT CLEAR. CLEAR HAS NO WHITE IN IT.

BERYLLIUM, magenta, cyan, yellow, all pale and transparent. ANOTHER ALL COLOR CRYSTAL. 

40,

WOLLASTONITE, CaSiO₃, H5, SG-3, triclinic, tabular or masses. White opaque, orange fluorescence.

41,

DIOPSIDE, CaMgSi₂O₆, H6, monoclinic.

MAGNESIUM, yellow-green or purple [opposites], internal coloring.

CHROMIUM, dark green. Brittle translucent, foreign coloring. 

42,

SPHENE, CaTiSiO₅, H5.5, SG-3.5, monoclinic wedged shaped crystals and masses.

TITANIUM, yellow-green or yellow, to brown with neutral dark areas, in a transparent crystal. Centering yellow to neutral dark, through warm brown, is a common trait observed with titanium and iron. This is the way my coloring wheel works with yellow going to Brown as the neutral dark instead of Black. To reach Black, one would need a Transparent Yellow pigment that hasn't been around for a hundred years (1900). The outlawed Indian Yellow Brown Side, from cow urine, from mango leaf feed cows in India. This would mix with a Transparent Ultramarine Blue to a neutral dark. We artists have been deprived. Idiochromatic.

CHROMIUM, green, rare crystal, allochromatic. 

43,

ZIRCON, ZrSiO₄, H7, SG-4.6, tetragonal system ends with a four sided pyramid, transparent. Clear to red-brown opaque.

ZIRCONIUM, full spectrum of pale colors, additional heat makes yellow and blue crystals.

Brittle, idiochromatic, the transparent crystals are doubly refractive and rival the diamond in dispersion. 
 

44,

SERANDITE, Na[Mg₂+,Ca]2Si₃O₈[0H], H4.5, SG-3.5, triclinic.

MANGANESE, red-orange, pale, opaque. A weak manganese color with two electrons gone, idiochromatic.

45,

OLIVINE, [Mg,Fe]2SiO₄, H7, SG-3.3, orthorhombic crystals.

MANGANESE, red-orange opaque, shows up as brown when mixed with yellow-green, like the light color wheel, idiochromatic.

IRON, yellow-green, transparent, with two minerals, iron making a transparent yellow-green and manganese making an opaque split-analogous red-orange, what you get is a transparent yellow-green going to opaque brown in the same crystal, or anywhere in between, the peridot series. 

46,

KYANITE, Al₂SiO₅, H7.5 across 4.5 down, SG-3.7, triclinic.

ALUMINUM, white, pale-green to gray, opaque to translucent. Pleochroistic, [changing colors with direction], transparent light green background when perfect, with a "blue light" stripe, translucent. The aluminum element plays tricks with light that no other element can. 

47,

SPODUMENE, LiAlSi₂O₆, H7, SG-3, monoclinic, transparent, ore of Lithium.

LITHIUM, yellow-green, yellow, orange, red, and a Cool Magenta Standard crystal called "Lilac Kunzite". Clear to pale translucent, idiochromatic. Red-orange phosphorescent, the opposite of the missing cyan. It's mind boggling :)

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, enhances iron and chromium.

IRON, warm green, allochromatic.

CHROMIUM, cool green, allochromatic, works well with aluminum, as in the Corundum compound [Ruby]. 
 

48,

LEUCITE, KAlSi₂O₆, H5.5, SG-2.5, tetragonal, opaque, white.

ALUMINUM, very pale yellow-orange crystal. The aluminum spin on this compound is interference colors on the cut face, like an oil film on water, with orange fluorescence in long-wave ultraviolet light and blue under X-rays. 

49,

ORTHOCLASE, KAlSi₃0₈, H6 STANDARD MOHS', SG-2.5, monoclinic.

ALUMINUM, pale yellow-orange opaque crystals. The transparent yellow gem [moonstone], has internal light diffusion, another light trick by the inclusion of aluminum. 

50,

BERYL, Be₃Al₂[Si0₃]6, H7.5,SG-2.7, hexagonal crystal system.

BERYLLIUM element in Beryl crystal, cyan, yellow, idiochromatic.

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, idiochromatic,

IRON, green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, red, scarlet, magenta purple, blue, azure, cyan, turquoise, iron at it's best will display the whole spectrum in Beryl. Allochromatic.

CHROMIUM, green standard, #11, [CCYY] and red, allochromatic.

MANGANESE, red, allochromatic.

Double elements in yellow #1,[YYYY], cyan #9,[CCCC], red #3, [YYMM], and green #11,[CCYY], all standard colors. Yellow [heliodor], magenta [morganite], cyan [aquamarine] and green [emerald].

ALUMINUM in beryl excepts a lot of foreign chromates, just as it does in the corundum and spodumene compounds, Here an aluminum light trick is found in aquamarine, light cyan is seen from one direction and deep cyan from a 90 degree off angle.

51,

EUCLASE, BeASi0₄[0H], H6.7, SG-3, monoclinic system.

BERYLLIUM, standard color cyan, #9,[CCCC], yellow to cyan, idiochromatic, transparent.

52,

GROSSULAR, Ca₃Al₂[SiO₄]3, H7, SG-3.5, cubic, garnet group.

ALUMINUM, standard color orange, #2,[YYYM], yellow to orange, centering to brown, idiochromatic, transparent, CHROMIUM, green, allochromatic.

53, 

LABRACORITE, NaAlSi₃O₈-CaAl₂Si₂O₈, H6, SG-2.5, sodium-aluminum series of plagioclase feldspars.

ALUMINUM, blue to cyan color plus an unusual effect called schiller, the inside glow of cyan color moves with you, playing off included lamellae minerals. Idiochromatic, opaque.

IRON, yellow to red, the allochromatic intrusion of hematite reverses the spectrum to show it's opposite colors. 

54,

SPESSARTINE, Mn₃Al₂[SiO₄]3, H7, SG-4, cubic, garnet family.

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, turning red to orange with manganese.

MANGANESE, orange to red, transparent, idiochromatic.

IRON, red, transparent, allochromatic, adding transparent red until it's a deep transparent red. This is only a 30 degree span of color with no complementary intrusion toward centering. This is the light "almandine garnet".

55,

ALMANDINE, Fe₃Al₂[SiO4]3, H7, SG-4, cubic, transparent, Garnet.

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, added to the red of iron, idiochromatic.

IRON, red, idiochromatic, transparent.

CHROMIUM, red, transparent, allochromatic. These two elements together make a transparent red and transparent red deeply saturated. This red is so deep and spectrum dark it has to be very thinly sliced to see any color at all. "Deeply saturated" means a transparent to opaque color skipping translucent.

56,

EPIDOTE. Ca₂[Al,Fe₃+]3[SiO₄]3[OH], H7, SG-3.4, monoclinic.

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, transparent, idiochromatic, pleochroistic directional change of color.

IRON, yellow-green Epidote has a unique coloring system, combining split analogous colors yellow-green and orange, through brown to a warm neutral dark transparent color. 

57,

VESUVIANITE, Ca10Mg₂Al₄[SiO₄]5[Si₂07]2[OH]4, H7, SG-3.3,

MAGNESIUM, wants to go dark and opaque, or transparent, either way, it does it with flair.

ALUMINUM, yellow, transparent, standard #1[YYYY], and blue, transparent, standard #7 [MMCC], centering to neutral. Crystals in the tetragonal system, some masses in the orange or azure range. By centering yellow to brown, the three analogous colors of this gem, yellow-green, yellow and orange go to brown. On the other side of this analogous range is blue, blue crystals were found in Norway. Idiochromatic.

CHROMIUM, green, allochromatic. 

58,

APOPHYLLITE, KCa₄Si₈O₂O[F,OH]8H₂O, H4.5, SG-2.

White to pale cool green, opaque, idiochromatic, non-metallic mineral. 

59,

TOPAZ,Al₂[F,OH]₂SiO₄, H8 STANDARD MOHS', SG-3.53, orthorhombic crystal system.

ALUMINUM, yellow, mostly orange, red and magenta, some azure crystals come from Zimbabwe.

Idiochromatic colors of aluminum under high pressure. 

60,

ELBAITE, Na[Li,Al]3Al₆[BO₃]3Si₆₁₈[OH]4, H7.25, SG-3.05, trigonal, tourmaline group, transparent, pyroelectricity w/heat.

IRON, green, red, and pink Magenta, brown.

LITHIUM, yellow, magenta, idiochromatic.

ALUMINUM, yellow, blue, idiochromatic.

MANGANESE, orange and red, allochromatic.

COPPER, green, cyan, allochromatic. Many Elbaite crystals show more than one color in a clear rainbow ordered spectrum. 

61,

LAPIS LAZULI, H5-6, SG-2.8, or higher if pyrite is included. This is the Standard Color for ultramarine blue opaque, #7, [MMCC], an ancient pigment. A rock of many compounds. Lazurite, a sodium aluminum silicate with sulfide, deep blue crystals. Hauyne, Sodalite, [a sodium aluminum silicate with sodium chloride that occurs in crystals and masses], and Nosean. Lapis lazuli is a contact metamorphic mineral found in limestone and granite, the best is found in Afghanistan, from ancient times until today. 
 
 

62,

TURQUOISE, CuAl₆(PO₄]4[OH]8.4-5H₂O, H5.5, SG-2.7, triclinic.

ALUMINUM, transparent.

COPPER, turquoise standard color, #10,[CCCY], transparent. Transparent turquoise crystals are rare, it's usually found in opaque masses, idiochromatic. 

63,

WAVELLITE, Al₃[PO₄]2[OH,F]3.5H₂O, H3.5, SG-2.36, orthorhombic crystal system, acicular, like the needles of Rutile suspended in clear crystal, only these needle crystals form a dense rocklike mass.

ALUMINUM, yellow, brown, blue, centering standard, transparent. Aluminum really does it big this time, each needle starts at the center radiating outward, concentrical ringed bands form around the center, each band ending as a cleavage line, twenty or so bands per complete needle crystal. The band itself can change from clear transparent to opaque white while in the center, the second band range is transparent yellow crystal, than brown, than blue. From brown to blue, the crystal can change into an aggregate and lose it's crystal properties. THIS MINERAL PHOSPHATE SHOWS THE CENTERING OF YELLOW TO BROWN AND BROWN TO BLUE, LIKE MY REAL COLOR WHEEL FOR PIGMENTS. 

64,

BRAZILIANITE, NaAl₃[PO₄]2[0H]4, H5.5, SG-2.9, monoclinic.

ALUMINUM, yellow, cool, transparent, idiochromatic. 

65,

AUTUNITE, Ca[UO₂]2[PO₄]2.10-12H₂O, H2, SG-3.1, tetragonal.

URANIUM, yellow, translucent, Idiochromatic uranium, warm to cool yellow, pigment in the 1940's, fluorescent yellow. 

66,

VIVIANITE, Fe₃[P0₄].8H₂0, Hardness 1.5, SG-2.68, monoclinic.

IRON, standard color for cyan, #9,[CCCC], transparent, idiochromatic. Cyan to green crystals.

Laminae fibrous, long thin radiated crystals, transparent clear when first mined, turning cyan with light exposure. 

67,

LEGRANDITE, Zn₂[AsO₄][OH],H20 H5, SG-4, monoclinic family.

ZINC, yellow, cool, transparent, idiochromatic.

ARSENIC, standard yellow, #1, [YYYY], transparent, idiochromatic. Bright yellow idiochromatic, with zinc and arsenic. Arsenic taking it to the warm side in the luminous shadows. Probably the strongest yellow color in crystal form. 

68,

FLUORAPATITE, Ca₅[P0₄]3F, H5 STANDARD MOHS', SG-3.2, apatite family, hexagonal system, transparent.

Yellow, yellow-green, green, cyan, blue, purple and a violet close to magenta, [MMM,1/2M-1/2C. Two-thirds of the color wheel without any metallic elements in the compound. 

69,

PYROMORPHITE, Pb₅[P0₄]3C₁, H3., SG-6.5, hexagonal system.

LEAD, cool yellow to bright yellow.

PYROMORPHITE, Pb₅[P0₄]3C₁, H3., SG-6.5, hexagonal system.

LEAD, cool yellow to bright yellow. LEAD MAKES TWO OPPOSITION COLOR CRYSTALS, THIS YELLOW PYROMORPHITE AND CUMENGEITE BLUE. MY PIGMENT CRYSTAL REAL COLOR WHEEL is the REAL COLOR WHEEL.

Yellow to yellow-green in the shadows, translucent, some times found on azurite, the opposite color. 

70,

MIMETITE, Pb₅[AsO₄]3CAsO₁, H3.5, SG-7.24 monoclinic, transparent.

LEAD, yellow, cool, idiochromatic.

ARSENIC, yellow to orange, idiochromatic.

Cool yellow, warm yellow and orange analogous colored crystals are found around the world. 

71,

VANADINITE, Pb₅[VO₄]3C₁, H3, SG-6.8, hexagonal system. VANADIUM, scarlet, transparent, idiochromatic.

LEAD, standard red, #3, [YYMM], transparent, idiochromatic. Vanadium, a rare metallic element, compounded with lead makes a red transparent crystal. 
 
 

72,

GYPSUM, CaSO₄.2H₂0, H2 STANDARD MOHS', SG-2.32, monoclinic, white, idiochromatic yellow and green to a centered brown. 

73,

CELESTINE, SrSO₄, H3.5, SG-4, orthorhombic, ore of strontium.

STRONTIUM, blue or yellow, idiochromatic, opposites. THIS CRYSTAL IS ONE OF MANY THAT PROVES WITH NATURE THAT THE REAL COLOR WHEEL HAS THE SAME THIRTY SIX, TWENTY FOUR, TWELVE, SIX AND THREE COLORS SETUP,  BOTH IN LIGHT AND PIGMENT.

74,

BARITE, BaS0₄, H3.5, SG-4.5, orthorhombic. Ore of barium.

BARIUM, yellow to yellow-orange and blue to azure, opposite colors on the Real Color Wheel. transparent to translucent, idiochromatic.
 

75,

CROCOITE, PbCrO₄, H2.5, SG-5.99, monoclinic, transparent.

LEAD, no color, transparent.

CHROMIUM, red, transparent, idiochromatic.

76,

WULFENITE, PbM4, H2.75, SG-7, tetragonal.

LEAD, no color, transparent.

MOLYBDENUM, yellow, orange, red, transparent, idiochromatic. 
 
 

77,

SCHEELITE, CaWO₄, H4.5, SG-6, tetragonal, forming octahedra crystals or masses, ore of tungsten.

TUNGSTEN, colorless, yellow, orange, brown, transparent, crystals. Idiochromatic. Tungsten has very unique spectrum of colors, it's a curve to neutral dark. THIS CRYSTAL HAS THE SAME COLOR PATH AS THE PIGMENT INDIAN YELLOW GENUINE, which we no longer have available. [Banned in 1899 by England] THIS YELLOW IS ON THE REAL COLOR WHEEL. W/N].
 

78,

WOLFRAMITE, [Fe,Mn]WO₄, H4.5, SG-7.5, monoclinic.

IRON, red, matching the manganese, iron can be, and can center any color to a neutral dark, red dark is in the yellow dark of the Real Color Wheel, and YELLOW CENTERS THROUGH BROWN. Idiochromatic.

MANGANESE, red, transparent, idiochromatic, Manganese and iron, two red elements making a very deep red-brown that looks black, found with white and clear quartz.

Here's the mineral-palette back when Sandarac, (Sandracca) was King and Zeus had a son named Castor. Castor is also the brightest star in Gemini. Castor oil was added to Sandracca (sandarac) about 2000 B/C, to soften, extend and make it pliable. Sandarac (sandracca) was a major medium into the A/D's, when mastic, wax, egg, and oil started replacing it.

ANTIMONY GALANCE, stibnite ore was roasted or found native.

GYPSUM, native calcium sulfate, calcined 250 degrees.

IRON, native ore calcite, oxide.

LEAD, Lead white, "ceruse", basic sulfate of lead, native or burnt galena ore.

LEAD, "White vitriol", made with sulfuric acid fumes.

LEAD, Lead white carbonate oxide, made by acetic acid fumes and carbonic acid fumes on lead in a closed container.

MAGNESIUM, carbonate found native, the whitest ore pigment.

MICA. Silicate laminated natural, native. Japanese pigment.

SHELL, powered.

TIN. Calcined tin oxide.

ZINC oxide found native.

ZINC "White Vitriol", made with sulfuric acid fumes.

BONE and HORN. Roman "atramentum", charred deep black.

CARBON. Oil soot, lamp black. IRON. Iron oxide, native.

MANGANESE. Black manganese dioxide native, ancient "pyrolusite".

ROCK, Slate gray, crushed.

SULFUR. Ultramarine ash, the first washing contains some matrix rock, this leaves a cool opaque gray.

ARSENIC. Orpiment, arsenic sulfide, native, Egypt early, 3000 B/C.

ANTIMONY. Naples yellow, native, 500 B/C, replenished 79 A/D in the Visuvious eruption.

IRON. Yellow ocher natural, "minette", "sil", "chamois", heated to gold ocher, flesh ocher and red.

IRON. Raw sienna, heated to burnt sienna and translucent vermilion.

IRON. Amberg yellow, a very bright fresco yellow ocher no longer available, except at Kramer in Germany, native.

LEAD. Lead oxide white heated to a cool yellow, "Massicot", "King's Yellow", "Cassel Yellow", lead also heated to orange, red and brown.

LEAD-TIN. Lead-tin Yellow is a light cool yellow often mistaken for Naples Yellow.

ORGANIC-ANIMAL. Indian yellow is magnesium euxanthate, an early dye used in, sandarac, (Sandracca), mastic, cera colla and oil pigment until 1899. Made from cows urine, India. Yellow to brown and brown, orange to yellow, transparent.

ORGANIC-PLANT. Tree sap, "gamboge" translucent, alcohol base, Thailand.

ORGANIC-PLANT. "Turmeric" root, "curcuma" root, transparent yellow to brown, India, Asia.

ORGANIC-PLANT. "Saffron", flower power, bright yellow, India.

TIN. calcined from white to pale yellow.

Painting on Location's Magdalene c/o Tan Swee Ming wrote: Ni Hao! (means: How do u do.) Where did the word Yellow come from? Ellie Clemans from the Painting on Location listserver sent us this information. The Latin word "hellus", which came from the Greek word "khloos", which came from the Sanskrit words "hari" for yellow and "hiranya" for gold.

ARSENIC. Realgar, arsenic di-sulphide, native, Egypt 3000 B/C. "Risalgallo",Roman, red-orange clear crystal.

IRON. In clay, burnt sienna, high in silicic acid until calcined from raw sienna, than it's high in silica and is transparent.

TIN, calcined from pale yellow to pale orange.

ZINC. Zincite, native zinc oxide, ore of zinc, a brittle mineral ranging in color from yellow, orange to deep-red, opaque.

The word "orange" comes from the Sanskrit "naranga" which was related to the Tamil word "naru" meaning fragrant.

COPPER. Cupric crystals native, transparent red. That is the opposite of the copper pigment color.

HEMATITE IRON, ore, native red streaks of iron oxide, where abrasion has ground off hematite ore in place.

IRON, in clay, "cinabrese", Cennini described a native light vermilion red that is now exhausted.

IRON, in clay, "Armenian bole", red ocher.

IRON, in clay, "sinopia", native red oxide, Roman 100 B/C

IRON, in clay, "sinopis", a very light red ocher from Asia Minor, exhausted.

LEAD. "Minium", red lead oxide is made by heating white lead in the presence of air, turns dark in fresco as all leads do, this was a mastic, oil and wax pigment that is unaffected by alkalis. Phoenician, 1000 B/C, Greek, Roman, 500 B/C.

MERCURY. "Cinnabar" native, is the ore of mercury. "Vermilion" natural was one of the two most prized and expensive pigments of the ancients, not counting gold. Mercuric Sulfide.

ORGANIC-PLANT SAP, Brazilwood lake, blood red transparent. "Dragon's Blood", ruby red lac, Singapore, as ancient as karmes.

ORGANIC-PLANT FLOWER. Safflower red, "Carthame".

ZINC. Zincite red, native red oxide zinc ore.

The word "red" came from the Sanskrit word "rudhiras".

COBALT, native is a pale violet-magenta color. Cobaltite is a native mineral ore, cobalt arsenic sulfide, it's a cool magenta color.

IRON, in clay, "Pozzuoli Red". A rosy opaque magenta, Roman.

ORGANIC-ANIMAL. "Carmine", cochineal insect, a transparent dyestuff precipitated on clay, also roasted darker. "Karmes" another insect, similar color, 2000 B/C or earlier. "Nacarat carmine" is the highest quality color.

ORGANIC-PLANT ROOT. "Madder lake", boiled Rubia Tinctoriun root on clay or transparent water based in wax soap, Egypt, Greece. Light rose to dark magenta, not for fresco.

TIN. Highly heated tin oxide makes a pale magenta. 

IRON. Burnt green earth, ferrous hydroxide and silicic acid, transparent like sienna.

IRON, "Caput mortuum" is red ocher or oxide calcined, or native.

IRON MANGANESE. Raw umber, "umbra", "terre d'ombre", Manganese dioxide and iron hydroxide. Calcined raw umber makes burnt umber.

MANGANESE. Manganese violet oxide, native.

ORGANIC-ANIMAL. "Tyrian" is Greek, "Ostrum" is Roman, "Byzantium", are all names for purple, from the Murex shellfish family. The color ranged from pink to blue transparent. According to Pliny it was the celebrated "Imperial Purple" of the Romans.

COBALT. Black oxide of cobalt fires cobalt blue. China 2500 B/C on pottery, 500 B/C Roman, maybe earlier, they made a smalt after the Egyptian frit of copper.

COBALT-TIN. Cobaltous stannate, cobalt and tin oxide in potash glass, light cobalt blue colored smalt, Egyptian or Greek or Roman.

COPPER. "Azurite" natural, blue to cyan, Egypt 3000 B/C, "chessylite", hydrous copper carbonate.

COPPER. Copper hydroxide plus copper carbonate, "blue verditer", "mountain blue", "Bremen blue".

COPPER. chalcanthite, "Blue vitriol", copper salts and sulfuric acid fumes make a copper sulfate.

IRON. Pompiian blue lake, a ferris-cyan, Roman 100 B/C.

SULFUR. Lapis lazuli native, 3000 B/C, sodium sulfosilicate ore.

COPPER. Chrysocolla, a native copper silicate, first a pigment in Egypt, then a jewel, glass-frit then became a pigment of the same color.

COPPER. "Egyptian blue" 3000 B/C, copper silicate transparent, "Pozzuoli blue".

COPPER. Frit, copper salts fused in potassium silica glass, Egypt 3000 B/C.

COPPER. Verdigris, hydrated copper acetate crystals, water or resin soluble. This color is usually listed under green, [vert] means green. Since this was the first artificial color made by the Romans, I made some. Using materials I knew they had I put copper in ammonia, this turned the ammonia blue, a few drops of acetate acid [vinegar] and the color changed, it precipitated a light cyan-green salt. Mixing the salt with damar, I painted with it, and, well it does go a little farther, I mixed the salts in sulfuric acid and it turned clear. I was stirring the mix with my steel palette knife and it put a copper plating on it! I wonder if the Romans ever rust proofed any of their iron. I remember reading once, that at an Egyptian excavation they found some clay pots with holes in them for wires, the archaeologists thought they were using them as storage batteries for plating, I believe it.

ORGANIC-PLANT. Indigo, India. Woad, England. Both transparent cyan dyes, Indigo was the better.

COPPER, Malachite, ore of copper, copper carbonate. Crushed into pigment.

IRON-COPPERAS. ferrous sulfate, "green vitriol", transparent.

IRON. Ferrous hydroxide plus silicic acid, native, "Veronese green earth", "tirolean", "bohemian", translucent.
 

ACID- Boric acid is a very mild acid, as is acetic acid. Carbonates and sulfides of metals are sensitive to mineral acids. Acid vapors and weak acids bleach lapis lazuli and syn. ultramarine blue, a colloidal sulfur. Acid liberates hydrogen ions, an electrically unbalanced or charged atom, Hydrochloric acid is violently caustic on metals.

Sulfuric acid is weaker then hydrochloric acid.

ALKALI- Alkali or base, is caustic and reactive, sodium hydroxide is caustic soda or lye, both lye and ammonia are strong alkalis. Alkali yields to hydroxyl [OH] ions, the opposite of acid. Sal soda is a sodium carbonate or washing soda or soda ash, it's weaker but it will still dissolve wool and react with oils fats and wax. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium acid carbonate is baking soda, the dry mix of alkali and acid neutralize each other when their hydrated, and carbon dioxide is set free. Borax is sodium tetraborate, a mild alkaline salt that's used as a flux with glass.

ALUM- A double sulfate of aluminum and potassium crystal, a 5% solution will harden hide glue, gelatin and all proteins. It makes cement hard, and is a mortar for dyeing textiles. It's an astringent, alkali.

ANHYDROUS- To lose all water, including crystallizing waters.

ANHYDRITE- A mineral, calcium sulfate.

ANILINE- An oily liquid first obtained from indigo, used as a basis for aniline dyes, today coal-tar is the base.

ATOM- The smallest unit constituent of an molecule containing protons, neutrons and electrons, the number and arrangement of which determine the element.

AZO- Unsulfonated dyestuffs, diazonium salt with a phenol, Hansa Yellow.

CADMIUM- A metallic element that looks like tin. Chromite cadmium from lemon yellow through, yellow light, yellow medium, yellow deep, yellow extra deep, yellow orange, orange, red scarlet, red light, red medium, red deep to red purple.

CALCINATE- Calcination means to heat, burn or cook, Calcinating a salt of iron makes an iron oxide, slow oxidation is rust.

CROMA- Color saturation of a hue.

CHROMITE- The principle ore of chromium containing iron and magnesium.

CHROMITE- A salt of chromous acid, a coloring agent. Chromite white lead, from yellow through orange to red lead.

CHROMATE- A salt of chromic acid with a radical atom that will easily leave its host molecule. To make a chromate, you change a chromogen from colorless to colored. A chromate of lead is red lead. Chrome red, or red lead is basic chromite of lead treated with chromium salts of chromic acid.

CHROMOGEN- A substance that colors when oxidized, forming colored compounds, like Azo.

CHROMIUM- Element, metallic, occurring in compounds to make pigments, a hardening element as with chromium steel. Chromium compounds are chromic acid and its salts, called chromates. First the metallic and acid name, followed by [ATE], sodium sulfate. This is the salt of sulfuric acid and a sodium compound. The salt of acid with fewer atoms to the molecule, ends in [ITE], sodium sulfite, the sodium salt of sulfurous acid. [IC] and [OUS] designate numerical variations in an acid or oxide, [OUS] being smaller and more unstable, these that don't contain their maximum complement of atoms are called unstable. [THIO] means sulfur-bearing, [AZO] means nitrogen-bearing,

CHROME- The adverb for chromium, chrome yellow is composed of chromates of lead, barium, or zinc, Chrome green is made from chromic oxide, chrome red is a basic chromate of lead.

CHROME- A word element meaning color.

CHROMOPHORE- Any chemical group which produces color in a compound as the azo group -N=N-, the structural layout of atoms which is found in many colored compounds.

COMPLIMENTARY COLORS- A color and its opposite on the "real color wheel" will combine to a neutral dark on the pigment color wheel and white on the light color wheel. To find the complimentary by eye use your color reversing image retention. Look at the color swatch in a bright light for 5 seconds, then switch to a blank white paper. The reversed color will appear.

COMPOUNDS- Composed of two or more elements or ingredients. Binary compounds consist of two elements, first named is the metallic or electrically positive, followed by the negative, which ends in [IDE], sodium sulfide is a binary compound of sodium and sulfur, zinc oxide is zinc and oxygen.

CRYSTALLIZATION- with water, as the blue transparent crystals of copper sulfate contain seven molecules of water to each molecule of salt. Without the water it's an anhydrous white powder.

CYANOGEN- A gas with a univalent radical, added to iron gives ferricyanide salt or Prussian blue.

DICHROMIC- A color exhibiting two color phases, usually a transparent color that looks different when white is added as opposed to adding water.

DICHROMIC- Chemical, of a compound containing two atoms of chromium.

EFFERVESCENCE- to give off bubbles of gas, as when mixing ammonia and beeswax while making wax soap.

EFFLORESCENCE- means losing water to air.

ESTER- Ester or salt, containing glycerin is a glyceride. Oil is a glyceride of fatty acid from plants, glycerides in drying oils are unsaturated and combine with oxygen forming insoluble linoxyn.

ESTER- A product formed by the reaction of an acid with alcohol, silicon esters are ethyl silicate [alcohol and silica], volatile. Adding water has a chemical reaction called hydrolysis, producing hydrated silica, a stone preservative that is inorganic and imperishable. This is a complete painting medium, great for outdoor murals. It has an alcohol cleanup until it's dry. Ethyl Silicate is made by Union Carbide Company.

FATTY OILS- Drying, vegetable oils, linseed, poppy and walnut oils dry by absorbing oxygen, siccatives speed up the drying process. All oils turn yellow. Stand oil is thickened without oxygen appears clear but it does yellow. In fact it yellowed more than my cold pressed linseed oil.

FORMALDEHYDE- the best hardener for egg, casein, rabbit hide glue or any protein. A 37 % solution of formaldehyde is called formalin, a 10% solution of formalin is sprayed on the dried protein to harden it. Formalin is a fungicide and prevents mold.

HYDRATION- To lose water as hydrated oxides do when exposed to heat.

HYDROUS- Containing water as in hydrates or hydroxides.

HYGROSCOPIC- means to absorb water from the air, like calcium chloride, alcohol, clay and lye.

INERT- Inert has no action to effect changes to itself.

INORGANIC- Minerals and ores are inorganic and inert.

MASS TONE- The color perceived by laying down a thick coat of pigment.

ORGANIC- Plants and animals are organic. An organic salt is called an ester.

MOLECULES- The smallest physical unit of an element or compound consisting of one or more like atoms in the first case, and two or more different atoms in the second case. Molecules of red iron oxide are; Fe₂,O₃, Fe = iron, O = Oxygen, 2 equals two iron atoms, 3 equals three oxygen atoms. Synthetic resins rearrange the molecules.

RADICALS- Two or more elements hook valences together and act as a single element in a reaction, as [HO] is hydroxyl.

SALTS- Salts are neither acid or base, but they could have those reactions. Salts are produced by action on metal or another salt, or by the neutralizing reaction of an acid or base.

Sodium chloride is table salt, it's soluble, inert and neutral, some salts are active. Barium salt is insoluble. Some pigment salts are made by mixing two solution salts together, forming two new products [called double decomposition], one will remain soluble, the other precipitates as a powder, as some pigments do.

Salts of metals categorize themselves in color, nickel is green,copper is blue, cobalt is rose and anhydrous blue, chromium is yellow to dark red and iron is from yellow to brown. This note is taken in my color theory of rim and centering colors in elements.

Normal salt of acid is named for the metal than the acid, ending in [ATE]. Sodium sulfate Na₂SO₄ is sodium salt of sulfuric acid, combined. The salt of acid with fewer atoms to the molecule ends with [ITE], sodium sulfite NA₂SO₃. Unstable or unsaturated acids and salts have open hooks and end in [OUS]. Ferrous [iron] oxides are exceptions, these are called "loose linkages".

SICCATIVE- Salts of metal oxides soluble in oil, they speed the absorption of oxygen by oils and dry them faster, 2% maximum is recommended.

SOAP- Made by treating a fat with an alkali, any metallic salt of an acid contained in fat.

SODIUM- A soft metallic element that oxidizes rapidly in moist air, occurring only in combined states.

PHENOL- Carbolic acid, a hydroxyl derivative of benzene, used in organic synthesis. Phenolate, a salt of phenol.

POTASH- Potassium carbonate, obtained from wood ashes. Caustic potash [pot-ashes].

POTASSIUM- Similar to sodium element, used in hard glasses.

POLYMERIZATION- means internal changes.

POTASSIUM BICHROMATE- hardens proteins, it's a fungicide.

REACTION- An irreversible chemical change, as when oil dries.

UNDER TONE- The thin wash color of a pigment, as opposed to

the MASS TONE (from the tube) or TOP TONE (adding opaque white).

VAT PIGMENTS- include, perylenes, Isoindolines, indanthrones, phthalocyanines, and quinacridones.

VALENCE- Valence is a ho