Crystals of Color

Al= ALUMINUM, +63

Be= BERYLLIUM, +13

Fe= IRON, -17

Fe= IRON, +03

W= TUNGSTEN, +77

Ti= TITANIUM, +42

Ti= TITANIUM, +21

Ti= TITANIUM, +19
 
 

Ba= BARIUM, +31

Fe= IRON, +36

Ti= TITANIUM, +42

Ti= TITANIUM, +42
 
 

Fe= IRON, -18

Mg= MAGNESIUM, +15

Mg= MAGNESIUM, +77

Ti= TITANIUM, +28

Zn= ZINC, +15
 

ROCK AND MINERALS MAKING COLOR  34
--- MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS  34
--- BASALT 34
--- SYENITE  34
--- QUARTZ  34
--- GRANITE  34
--- FELDSPAR 35
--- KAOLINITE 35

SEA MINERALS AND ROCK  35

--- SANDSTONE  35
--- QUARTZITE  35
--- LIMESTONE  36
--- MARBLE  36
--- GYPSUM  36
--- HORNFELS  36
--- DIATOMITE  36
--- FLUORITE  37
--- BARITE  37
--- CELESTITE  37
--- HALITE  37

LAKE MINERALS  37

--- BORAX  37
--- TRONA 37
--- SODALITE  37
--- SULFUR 38
--- CEMENT  39

ORES OF COLOR  40

--- ANTIMONY  40
--- ARSENIC  40
--- COPPER  40
--- IRON  41
--- LEAD  42
--- MERCURY  43
--- TIN  43
--- ZINC  43

COLOR ORES  44

--- B/C MINING  44

--- COLOR, CHEMICAL, CHEMISTRY GLOSSARY 46

--- ORE'S COLOR REACTIONS TO EACH OTHER, IN PIGMENT 52

---- ANTIMONY  52
---- ARSENIC  52
---- COBALT  52
---- COPPER  53
---- IRON  54
---- LEAD  54
---- MANGANESE  55
---- MERCURY  55
---- SULFUR 56
---- TIN  56
---- ZINC  56

COLOR IN CRYSTAL, INDEX OF CONTENTS  57

--- CRYSTAL TERMS  58

STANDARD COLOR IN ORE AND MINERAL GLOSSARY TERMS  59

CRYSTAL ORE AND MINERAL CHEMISTRY, DEFINITION, TERMS, GLOSSARY  60

--- COLOR WHEEL IN ELEMENTS AND CRYSTAL  64

--- CRYSTALS, LIGHT AND COLOR TERMS  66

CRYSTAL_CHROMATE-ELEMENTS, COLOR PRODUCING 68

--- ELEMENT, SYM., NO., S/G, DESCRIPTION  69

--- MINERALS AND ELEMENTS IN COLOR CRYSTAL COMPOUNDS 73

---- 00, DIAMOND 73
---- 01, LIDDICOATITE  73

---- 02, CHALCOPYRITE  73
---- 03, SPHALERITE  73
---- 04, CINNABAR  73
---- 05, GALENA  74
---- 06, REALGAR  74
---- 07, ORPIMENT  74
---- 08, STIBNITE  74
---- 09, PYRITE  74
---- 10, PROUSTITE  74
---- 11, PYRARGYRITE  74

---- 12, CUPRITE  75
---- 13, CHRYSOBERLE  75
---- 14, SPINEL  75
---- 15, ZINCITE  75
---- 15, ZINC SILIATE  75
---- 16, CORUNDUM  76
---- 17, QUARTZ  76
---- 18, OPAL  76
---- 19 RUTILE  77
---- 20 ANATASE 77
---- 21 CASSITERITE  77
---- 22 HEMATITE 77

---- 23 HALITE  77
---- 24, FLUORITE  78
---- 25, CUMENGEITE  78

---- 26, MALACHITE  78
---- 27, AZURITE  78
---- 28, CALCITE  78
---- 29 ARAGONITE  79
---- 30 DOLOMITE  79
---- 31 WITHERITE  79
---- 32 SMITHSONITE  79
---- 33 AURICHALCITE  79
---- 34 CERUSSITE  79
---- 35 RHODOCHROSITE  79
---- 36 SIDERITE  79

---- 37, DIOPTASE  80
---- 38, CHRYSOCOLLA  80
---- 39, PHENAKITE  80
---- 40, WOLLASTONITE  80
---- 41, DIOPSIDE  80
---- 42, SPHENE  80
---- 43, ZIRCON  81
---- 44, SERANDITE 81
---- 45, OLIVINE  81
---- 46, KYANITE 81
---- 47, SPODUMENE 82
---- 48, LEUCITE  82
---- 49, ORTHOCLASE 82
---- 50, BERYL  82
---- 51, EUCLASE 83
---- 52, GROSSULAR  83
---- 53, LABRACORITE  83
---- 54, SPESSARTINE  83
---- 55, ALMANDINE  84
---- 56, EPIDOTE  84
---- 57, VESUVIANITE  84
---- 58, APOPHYLLITE 84
---- 59, TOPAZ  85
---- 60, ELBAITE  85
---- 61, LAPIS LAZULI  85

---- 62, TURQUOISE 86
---- 63, WAVELLITE  86
---- 64, BRAZILIANITE  86
---- 65, AUTUNITE 86
---- 66, VIVIANITE  86
---- 67, LEGRANDITE  87
---- 68, FLUORAPATITE  87
---- 69, PYROMORPHITE  87
---- 70, MIMETITE  87
---- 71, VANADINITE  87

---- 72, GYPSUM  88
---- 73, CELESTINE  88
---- 74, BARITE  88

---- 75, CROCOITE  88

---- 76, WULFENITE  88

---- 77, SCHEELITE, 88
---- 78 WOLFRAMITE  89

--- CENTERING COLOR ELEMENTS  94

CHAPTER 17, COLOR_IN_CRYSTAL

CRYSTAL-INDEX-OF-CONTENTS
 
 
 
 

17-62 Crystal Index
17-63 Crystal Terms
17-64 Ore and Mineral Glossary
18-65-67 Mineral Chemistry Terms and Glossary
18-68-69 Color in Elements and Crystal
19-70-71 Crystal Light and Color Terms
19-72 Crystal Chromate Elements Description
19-73-75 Elements, Symbol, No., Specific Gravity, Description
19-76-77 CRYSTAL MINERAL COMPOUNDS OF COLOR ARE;

SULPHIDES, ARSENIDES, ANTIMONIDES,
1,Liddicoatite, 2,Chalcopyrite, 3,Sphalerite, 4,Cinnabar, 5,Galena
6,Realgar, 7,Orpiment, 8,Stibnite, 9,Pyrite, 10,Prousite, 11,Pyrargyrite
OXIDES, HYDROXIDES, 12, Cuprite, 13, Chrysoberle, 14, Spinel, 15,Zincite, 15,Zinc
Siliate, 16,Corumdum, 17,Quartz, 18,Opal, 19,Rutile, 20,Anatase, 21,Cassiterite, 22,Hematite, 23,Halite
HALIDES, 24,Fluorite, 25,Cumengeite,
CARBONATES, 26,Malachite 27,Azurite, 28,Calcite, 29,Aragonite, 30,Dolomite, 31,Witherite, 32,Smithsonite, 33, Aurichalcite, 34,Cerussite, 35,Rhodochrosite, 36,Siderite
SILICATES, 37,Dioptase, 38,Chrysocolla, 39, Phenakite, 40,Wollastonite, 41,Diopside, 42,Sphene 43,Zircon, 44,Serandite, 45,Olivine, 46,Kyanite, 47,Spodumene, 48,Leucite, 49,Orthoclase, 50,Beryl, 51,Euclase, 52,Grossular, 53,Labradorite, 54,Spessartine, 55,Almandine, 56,Epidote, 57,Vesuvianite, 58,Apophyllite, 59,Topaz, 6O,Elbaite, 61,Lapis Lazuli,
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, 62,Turquoise, 63,Wavellite, 64,Brazilianite, 65,Autunite, 66,Vavianite, 67,Legrandite, 68,Fluorapatite, 69,Pyromorphite, 70,Mimetite, 71,Vanadinite,
SULFATES, 72,Gypsum, 73,Celestine, 74,Barite,
CHROMATES, 75,Crocoite,
MOLYBDATES, 76,Wulfenite,
TUNGSTATES, 77,Scheelite, 78,Wolframite

ALLOCHROMATIC, is an element coloring term meaning an outside element is included in the compound.

ANISOTROPIC, Crystals in which light travels at different velocities in different directions.

AMORPHOUS, without crystalline structure, like the opal or glass.

CLEAVAGE, a breaking point along a face, variable.

CUBIC SYSTEM, four pyramids or tetrahedrites block together and make a cube, this system has the highest symmetry, the triclinic has the lowest. The other systems are Tetragonal, Orthohombic, Trigonal, Hexagonal, and Monoclinic.

HABIT, is the shape of a crystal. There are seven systems, and thirty two classes within the systems.

PARTING, similar to cleavage but along the twinning axis.

PSEUDOMORPHS, A crystal inside a rock may change its chemical composition and still keep its original shape, common to quartz.

FRACTURE, broken.

AGGREGATE, A mineral without an obvious crystal shape, crystals forming masses as gold and silver [dendritic], tree or plant like, or the kidney-shaped hematite[reniform].

COMPOUNDS, Two or more elements form compounds. Oxide compounds are combined with oxygen and a metal element, hydroxides, carbonates, silicates, sulfides, sulfates, arsenides, antimonides, Tungstates, and chromates are all compounds.

CARBONATES, carbon compounds.

GANGUE, other minerals found with the mined ore.

GOSSAN, The "iron hat" of gangue minerals with iron and manganese oxides, the soluble minerals sink lower to form azurite, malachite, and cuprite. Sulfur sinks still lower and forms sulfides like chalcocite.

HALIDES, contain halogens, negative elements, fluorine, chlorine, iodine and astatine.

NATIVE, Uncombined with other elements, natural.

OXIDES, a mineral combined with oxygen as the sole anion. These are usually hard because of close packing.

HYDROXIDES, have the complex anion [OH].

PSEUDOMORPHS, A crystal inside a rock may change its chemical composition and still keep its original shape, common to quartz.

SILICATES, Silicon combined with oxygen, [SiO4].

STREAK, The color left behind from an abraded mineral.

SULFIDES or SULPHIDES, Metallic ores formed in the presence of sulfur and the absence of oxygen, [C0₃]2-.

TENOR, The metal content of an ore.

ATOM, smallest particle of an element with all its properties.

ATOMS, are measured in Nanometers, [1nm = 10m[-]9th].

ATOM CENTER, the nucleus is occupied by protons and neutrons of similar mass. This is the mass of the atom, the volume is made by the cloud of electrons.

PROTONS, have a positive charge, the number of protons equal the atomic number, hydrogen has one proton.

NEUTRONS, have no charge.

ELECTRONS, have a negative charge orbiting the nucleus, electrons and protons are equal in quantity, so there equal in [+-] charges.

ATOMIC NUMBER, the quantity of protons in the nucleus.

ATOMIC WEIGHT, is comparing the atoms of each element to the hydrogen atom.

ISOTOPES, the neutron quantity changes the atomic weight of atoms with similar atomic numbers, so each element has isotopes and different atomic weights, all based on the weight of one carbon isotope.

SHELLS, electrons orbit on seven tracts or shells, lettered K to Q outward from the nucleus. Each shell has a limit to the number of electrons in it, 2 for K, 32 for Q. Hydrogen has one nuclear proton and one electron in K shell, Lithium, with three protons, has a full K shell and one electron in the L shell.

INERT GASES, will not combine with other elements, they have 8 electrons in Q shell, other elements are considered stable if they can attain a similar outer shell content. Atoms trade electrons with other atoms so their electron cloud can become identical with inert gases, the nearest inert gas,

IONS, This trading leads to atoms becoming electrically charged and known as ions, gain an electron, gain a negative charge. Lose an electron and gain a positive charge, remember, electrons are negative.

ANIONS, are negatively charged ions, they have gained one [-] electron.

CATIONS, are positively charged ions, they have lost one [-] electron.

Two atoms are walking down the street and they run into each other. One says to the other, "Are you all right?" "No, I lost an electron!" "Are you sure?" "Yeah, I'm positive!" :-)

VALENCE, the "hook" to hold another "hook", hydrogen has a valence of one, it can hook up with another atom with one valence. Valence is the chemical binding power +/-.

VALENCY, the process of gaining or losing electrons. [Na] sodium, has one more electron then the nearest inert gas, neon [Ne], it's written Na⁺ to show it's a cation. Fluorine [F] has one less and is written F, meaning it's anion. Valency is the number of electrons an atom will gain or lose to attain the configuration of the most similar inert gas.

MONO VALENT, ions Na⁺ and F^- are both charged by one electron off being stable and inert.

DIVALENT, magnesium has two more electrons then neon, the closest inert gas. By losing both it becomes a divalent cation, written Mg²⁺.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE, [C] carbon and [Si] silicon have atomic structures midway between two inert gases. Carbon can either gain four electrons to become C^4- and resemble neon or lose four electrons to become C⁴⁺ resembling helium.

REPULSION, The electrical charge of protons keeps other protons away by mutual repulsion, they have similar spinning directions. When two atoms link, the interaction is by the outermost electrons. There's three ways to do this.

IONIC BONDING, is two elements forming ions of equal and opposite valency, the spare electron of one atom separate to fill a vacancy in the outer shell of another atom. The pair of ions are held together electrically. Groups of ions can be linked this way, a divalent cation can link with two univalent anions.

COVALENT BONDING, shares electrons, two or more atoms coming close together share, and both or all, have eight in their outer shell. Solids containing ionic or covalent bonds are rigid.

METALLIC BOND, metals pack the ions closely together and leave the outermost electrons free to move independently. This lets them be hammered thin, form wire and conduct electricity.

COMPOUNDS. When the linked atoms are of different elements, the result is a chemical compound.

COMPLEX, more then one compound.

COMPLEX IONS. In many minerals, subgroups of atoms are bonded in a covalent way forming complex either ions or radicals, A common example is the tetrahedral arrangement of four oxygen atoms around a single silicon atom, to give a complex anion, written [SiO₄]^4-.

ELECTRICALLY BALANCED COMPOUND, the complex anion [SiO₄]^4-must be bonded to a cation or cations with a total valency of four, to get an electrically balanced compound. Two atoms of the divalent metal Mg would fit and the mineral forsterite has the composition [Mg₂]⁴⁺[SiO₄]^4-, or it could be written Mg₂[Si0₄]^4-.

MOLECULES. Heating a mineral causes the atoms to vibrate faster,breaking the bonds between them. In this way the independent groups in steam, called molecules, move freely. Share electrons, be a molecule.

AMORPHOUS, Substances that do not have the atomic order of crystals are amorphous, they don't have the directional properties of crystal. Opal, natural glass, and flint are amorphous aggregates.

ION SHAPE. Crystals are made up of ions having the shape of spheres, these fit together leaving a space in the center. Three oranges and a pea. The carbonate ion has this shape, a pyramid with three sides and a bottom. The common complex ion [CO₃]^2- is carbonate.

TETRAHEDRON. Four oranges and a grape would make a Tetrahedron, the shape of the silicate anion [SiO₄]^4-.

OCTAHEDRON, is two pyramids joined base to base.

CUBES, have all equal sized ions, four polyhedra pyramids equal a cube, as in coordination polyhedra and close packing.

POLYMORPHS, are the structures possible by a compound, Si02 makes five different structures. Diamond and graphite are polymorphs of carbon, graphite is two dimensional, flat and weak. The diamond is a three dimensional latrahedrally-oriented covalent bond, strong and possibly twinned.

TWINNED, two crystals joined inside, interpenetrating each other.

ISOMORPHOUS minerals with identical crystal structure.

SOLID SOLUTION. Olivine groups of minerals, magnesium [Mg₂SiO₄] and iron [Fe₂SiO₄] are forsterite and fayolite, melted together. If the olivine contains 75% forsterite it's written like this, [Mg_0.75Fe_0.25]₂SiO₄.

Any reflected color has the energy of reflected light radiating off the colored element or composition making that color.
Light is a painters element, it has shape when it is confined and its intensity and mass can be measured. Full sunlight weight is equal to the weight of a single grape, spread out over an entire football field, and that is constant weight! This light reflects off the primary and compounded elements we see around us. Permanent pigments are made of these elements, either organic, inorganic or synthetic. Each element, in it's natural and calcined state is capable of making and reflecting only a select portion of the color wheel. Some carry the whole spectrum. They also has painting characteristics unlike any other element, so if you like a color for its characteristics, it cannot be replaced.

Three examples are; 1, Lead, no other element dries as fast or is as opaque. 2, Cobalt natural, (cobalt aluminate blue spinel is just another opaque pre-made color for you to buy), and 3, antimony Naples yellow, probably the artist's most favored color before Church-Ostwald.
They matched the dried color chips with new cheaper elements without regard to its native natural characteristics. Rubins would have had them flogged if they tried that while he was alive. It's trend that hasn't stopped. But we are getting better transparent colors! Cyan (Thalo Blue) is the best thing that ever happened to an artist.

So, simplifying your choices is the name of the game here, what colors and what characteristics are most needed to complete a full color painting. Use the transparent pigments that are available and be selective in choosing the opaque ones.

There are 36-colors in my basic Artist's Real Color Wheel. It joins the Light, Crystal and Pigment color wheel in one color chart because of color shifts to darkness in the Yellow to Red and Cyan to Royal Blue ranges. This same Real Color Wheel can be made with 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 or 36 colors

Start with yellow at the top and "Read Red Right," the three R's of color. Play the wheel like a typewriter. There are only twelve colors basic you must remember, forward, backward and opposing across the middle. "Across the middle" is what makes the Real Color Wheel different from all the rest still being taught today as of 06-11-01. The RCW is a modified combination RGB/YMC color wheel. Now when an artist wants dark yellow, it's dark yellow on the warm side like Naples Yellow, not the cool side (Yellow-Green). That's artist friendly!

Yellow is represented by "Y," Magenta by "M," and Cyan "C." A pure unadulterated yellow would be YY or YYYY, half yellow and half magenta would be YYMM, or the color red, each color has four characters. Orange is YYYM. Scarlet-crimson is YMMM. The opposite of YYYY is MMCC, Ultramarine Blue.

YYYY=Yellow, YYYM=Orange, YYMM=Red, YMMM=Scarlet-Crimson, MMMM=Magenta, MMMC=Purple, MMCC=Ultramarine, MCCC=Azure, CCCC=Cyan, CCCY=Turquoise, CCYY=Green, CYYY=Yellow-green.

Cobalt is pre-made tertiary pigment paint for the color MCCC, Azure, but it is opaque. It's in the range of the ancient mineral color Azurite. Cu₃[C0₃]₂[0H]₂, A copper idiochromatic color. Azure can easily be mixed with the annalogious colors copper phthalocyanine blue and a good ultramarine blue or the primary transparent cobalt violet [magenta]. In fact with a cobalt violet, [the cool magenta], you don't need Ultramarine Blue, you can make it. One way or the other, Azure is a beautiful color that nature uses often. Cobalt Blue is a tint of the mineral Azurite. Azurite could be found in both transparent and opaque ultramarine blue to phthalocyane blue colors.

Each element can only make its own range and texture of colors. No other element has its similar unique capabilities. By modifying the element we can make its opposite or complementary color, just as the Cuprite crystal of copper and the sediment of copper do naturally.

By explaining minerals and crystals, and the elements that make and color them, you will understand the real color wheel. This color wheel joins the pigment and the light color wheel together as one, and agrees with the nature of your eyes "after image."

To make the light color wheel match the pigment color wheel, replace the RGB neutral dark path (which has a Green tinge for Black,) with the RCW neutral dark path on the warm side (Brown), that's the Red's dark). Then change Cyan's RGB darkest color into Ultramarine Blue's darkest color. Now all the colors in both palettes will have working oppositions. 
 
 

ALEXANDRITE EFFECT, The chrysoberyl alexandrite is red in candle light and green in daylight.

ALLOCHROMATIC, minerals colored by a foreign element are called allochromatic. Ruby is an aluminum oxide colored by chromium, so it's allochromatic foreign and not written in the symbol AL₂0₃.

IDIOCHROMATIC, minerals colored by elements which are a regular part of the chemical composition. The peridot crystal is in the olivine category, it's a magnesium, iron, silicate. The green comes from iron, making this an idiochromatic home color [not foreign] crystal.

ANALOGOUS, colors are side by side on the color wheel rim.

INCIDENT ANGLE, lights entering angle.

REFRACTIVE INDEX, when light enters a cube or amorphous structure the incident ray is slowed by the atoms inside. The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum compared to the speed in the structure is called the refractive index. In crystals other than the cube crystal, the light splits in different directions at different speeds.

REFRACTION, The deviation of a ray of light upon entering a transparent medium, is refraction away from the normal. The emerging ray is separated into the colors of the spectrum. Red refracts most, violet and magenta the least.

DOUBLE REFRACTION, an incident ray enters and splits, each ray traveling at a different speed.

DISPERSION, Diamonds, glass and water give dispersion of light with the proper incident and reflecting angles, thus splitting up white light into its spectrum colors. The water droplets in a rainbow are at the proper angle of refraction to give each color seen by you. Each person sees their own rainbow. The axis from the sun through your eye to the center of the rainbows circle is the basis for the angle of an incidence you see as the rainbows refracted light. Any medium in which the high-frequency light travels more slowly then the lower frequencies are called dispersive.

DIFFRACTION, diffraction is light bending around the edges of a mass.

ISOTROPIC, crystals in which light travels in all directions at the same velocity.

INTERFERENCE COLORS, a thin film of soap or oil will change the direction of the incident ray laterally and cause the prism effect, as the thickness changes the color's change.

LUMINESCENCE or FLUORESCENCE, is stimulated by radiation.

PHOSPHORESCENCE, persisting luminescence after stimulation.

PLEOCHROISM, the change of color when viewed from different directions.

On the ELEMENT PERIODIC TABLE, #22 through #30 are the coloring elements that give color to crystal compounds. Elements color in harmonies.
Analogous, is side by side around the rim of the color wheel. Centering, means moving from the high chroma rim to the center's natural dark position. Complementary colors are opposite colors, 180 degrees apart, triadic colors form an equilateral triangle, they're 120 degrees between colors. Split complementary colors are on each side of the opposite, making a "Y".

Aluminum- Easily displaced, makes yellow and sometimes blue.

Arsenic- Yellow, orange red and sometimes greenish.

Cadmium- Green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, red to deep red, a substratum dye. Cadmium is not a solid pigment.

Chromium- Analogous system of connected colors. Green [emerald], Yellow-green, Yellow, Orange, and Red [ruby].

Cobalt- Oxides and native, Magenta [MMMM] and cool magenta [MMM1/2C], natural or calcined to Cobalt Blue [MCCC] and Ultramarine Blue [MMCC].

Copper- Green [CCYY] is in the mineral malachite, Cyan-green [CCCY] in turquoise, cyan-blue [CCCC] in azurite, all analogous colors of the copper element.

Iron- Yellow [YYYY] in sapphire, Blue [MMCC] in spinel both opposite colors. Green [CCYY] and Red[YYMM] in sphalerite.

Coppreas, green vitriol, or ferrous sulfate.

Lead- White, Yellow, Orange, Red, Brown-Purple Mortuum.

Manganese- Light (tint) Pink-Orange [YYMM] in spessartine and rhodochrosite.

Nickel- Yellow-Green [YYYC] in chrysoprase.

Titanium- White pigment, titanium dioxide. Titanium is a centering element that goes from Yellow to Orange, then Red to Brown and Brown to Blue in the Rutile crystal. It is an element that can cross over the center dark, reaching its complementary color Ultramarine Blue. The Real Color Wheel uses this pattern to darken Yellow instead of using Black as in RGB color wheel.
The "centering" term means the crystal itself has the ability and changes from any full spectrum color to a dark colorless color. This color scale is different in each crystal. The Real Color Wheel follows the crystals lead.

Vanadium- Green [CCYY] in beryl, Yellow [YYYY], Brown [YYMMCC].

Zinc- Yellow-green in sphalerite. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY, [S/G] Is the ratio of size to weight by water displacement, Corundum SG=4, is four times the weight of the same volume of water. Archimedes' Principle, SG= A/A-W.

ELEMENT SYM No. S/G

Aluminum Al 13 2.7 metallic, ore bauxite.

Antimony Sb 51 4.6 brittle metallic, ore stibnite.

Arsenic As 33 --- poisonous, pentavalent As⁺⁵.

Astatine At 85 --- rare element, halogen family, unstable.

Barium Ba 56 3.5 malleable, active, divalent metal, compounds in barite.

Beryllium Be 4 1.8 hard, light, divalent, steel-gray metallic element,

idiochromatic primary and secondary colors.

Boron B 5 --- ore of Borax.

Bromine Br 35 3.1 liquid, dark-red fuming, resembling chlorine and iodine.

Cadmium Cd 48 8.6 divalent metallic element, allied to zinc, Pigment in 1842.

Calcium Ca 20 --- divalent metal, compounds limestone, chalk, gypsum.

Carbon C 6 --- Diamond and graphite are organic, polymorphs of carbon, graphites two dimensional atomic structure is flat, and is soft graphite, black. The three- dimensional tetrahedrally-oriented covalent bond of diamonds is strong, hard and clear, the opposite of carbon. Diamonds can receive the full range of colors from other elements, they are allochromatic. The opposite color to black is clear, not white.

Chlorine Cl 17 --- Gaseous, combined in salt.

Chromium Cr 24 --- Brittle metallic, source of red in allochromatic compounds.

Cobalt Co 27 --- Metallic silver pink element.

Copper Cu 29 8.92 Malleable, red-brown metal element.

Fluorine F 9 --- Non-metallic corrosive pale yellow gas, combined in fluorite.

Gold Au 19.3 Yellow malleable metal.

Hydrogen H 1 --- Colorless inflammable gas, lightest element.

Iodine I 53 4.93 dark-gray crystalline solid, heats to a dense violet vapor.

Iron Fe 26 7.86 Malleable metallic, silver element. A full spectrum element.

Lead Pb 82 11.34 Malleable, blue-gray metal.

Lithium Li 03 .53 Silver-white. Soft, lightest metallic.

Magnesium Mg 12 1.74 Silver-white metallic, burns white hot.

Manganese Mn 25 7.2 Brittle, gray-white element, allochromatic.

Mercury Hg 80 13.55 Fluid silver-white metallic element.

Molybdenum Mo 42 10.2 Hard, silver-white high melting, metalloid.

Nickel Ni 28 8.9 Hard silver-white, malleable, allochromatic element.

Oxygen O 8 --- Colorless gas, converts elements into oxide compounds.

Phosphorus P 15 1.82 Solid non-metallic element in two allotropic forms, yellow, poisonous, inflammable and luminous. Red, now rare, is less potent, [SG] 2.20.

Platinum Pt 78 2.5 Malleable, gray metallic element.

Potassium K 19 .86 Silver-white metallic, oxidizes rapidly.

Selenium Se 34 4.8 Gray, non-metallic allotropic element, resembles sulfur.

Selenium Se 34 4.5 Red, similar to gray.

Silicon Si 14 2.4 Non-metallic element, amorphous and crystalline forms.

Silver Ag 47 10.5 Malleable silver element.

Sodium Na 11 .97 Soft silver-white metallic element, oxidizes in moist air.

Strontium Sr 38 2.6 Bivalent metallic element found only in a combined state.

Sulfur S 16 2.07 Nonmetallic solid element, used to form sulfates as white lead pigment, and sulfides, burns blue.

Titanium Ti 22 4.5 Dark gray powdered metallic element

Tin Sn 50 7.31 Malleable, low melting silver colored metal.

Tungsten W 74 19.3 Bright-gray, metallic.

Uranium U 92 18.7 White, radioactive, metallic.

Vanadium V 23 5.96 Gray powder metallic, rare.

Zirconium Zr 40 6.4 Metallic, resembles titanium.

Zinc Zn 30 7,14 Blue-white metallic element.

00,

DIAMOND, C, [Hardness] H10, Diamonds can receive the full range of colors from other elements, they are allochromatic. This section describes the color and properties each element adds.

01,

LIDDICOATITE, a six sided continuous crystal, clear and colored by iron. The colors of magenta and green are separated in sections and graduated from one end to the other in each crystal, a natural color opposition. All mineral oppositions match my pigment and light color wheel.

02,,

CHALCOPYRITE, CuFeS₂, [Hardness], H3.5, [specific gravity] SG-4.2. Ore of copper, tetragonal crystal system. It occurs on crystals of galena and has a brassy yellow opaque, metallic color. Idiochromatic colors of iron. 

03,

SPHALERITE, Zn,S, H3.5, SG-3.9, zinc blend, ore of zinc, cubic system, idiochromatic colors.

ZINC, yellow-green, standard color #11, [CYYY], transparent.

IRON, Idiochromatic colors from, yellow, tan, brown, black, orange and red. High dispersion showing the spectrum like a diamond.

CHROMIUM, crimson and dark green. Transparent to opaque. 

04,

CINNABAR, HgS, H2, SG-8.09, sulphide of mercury ore.

MERCURY, red, standard color #3, [YYMM], opaque, vermilion-red to brown is the color scale for the masses, and transparent scarlet is the color for crystals. Cinnabar has internal coloring, idiochromatic coloring, because the color comes from the element that's crystallizing, in this case mercury, the liquid metal. The amorphous mass is crushed and used as the pigment vermilion, it's a heavy and a fast drier. Precious and rare. 

05,

GALENA PbS, H2, SG-7.6, ore of lead, sulfide, cubic crystals often twinning. Oxides are white lead pigment. 

06,

REALGAR, AsS, H1.5, SG-3.56, monoclinic crystal system.

ARSENIC sulphide, red standard color, #3, [YYMM], transparent to opaque. Realgar was crushed as a pigment by the ancients as the first red. It's an idiochromatic crystal pigment.

07,

ORPIMENT,As₂₃, H1.5, SG-3.4, monoclinic, transparent to opaque.

ARSENIC di-sulphide, orange standard color, #2, [YYYM], yellow to orange pigments, crushed, idiochromatic pigment.

08,

STIBNITE, Sb₂₃, H2, SG-4.6, ore of antimony, orthorhombic crystal system, lead-gray metallic. Antimony oxide native, is Naples yellow pigment. 
 

09,

PYRITE, FeS₂, H6, SG-5, cubic, metallic brass-yellow.
 

10,

PROUSTITE, Ag3AsS₃, H2, SG-5.6, trigonal, transparent. SILVER and ARSENIC, crimson color at it's best. It tarnishes because of the silver content, idiochromatic, silver added the deep magenta to the red of arsenic. 

11,

PYRARGYRITE, Ag3SbS3, H2.5, SG-5.85, ore of silver, trigonal.

SILVER AND ANTIMONY, a deep warmer crimson then proustite. Idiochromatic, deep crimson, transparent, dark in mass. 
 
 

12,

CUPRITE,Cu20, H3.5, SG-6.14, cubic, crystals found on copper.

COPPER, crimson, standard color #4, [YMMM], transparent. Crimson cuprite crystals are opposite in color to the turquoise colored copper sediment, chalcocite. Idiochromatic. 

13,

CHRYSOBERLE, BeAl₂O₄, H8+, SG-3.74, orthorhombic crystal.

BERYLLIUM, standard yellow centering to brown crystal.

ALUMINUM, yellow is aluminum's home base, but color isn't really it's strong suite, it's the light tricks that make it a special crystal element.

The "cat's eye" gem, it has an opposite color line of light inside, a pale ultramarine blue. Instead of just giving color, aluminum has an array of light tricks to perform with.

14,

SPINEL, MgA1204, H8+, SG-3.6, cubic octahedra, idiochromatic.

MANGANESE, deep transparent red pigment color that lightens to Cadmium Red opaque. The Ruby is Cadmium Red transparent. Idiochromatic.

ALUMINUM, adds yellow sometimes, enhances other elements. CHROMIUM, allochromatic chromium, which gave the red to rubies gives spinel a real kick in the red mass dark, and it never leaves the red spectrum color.

COBALT, bright blue, with allochromatic cobalt, it does well here in aluminum's opposite second home.

15,

ZINCITE, [Zn,Mn]O, H4, SG-5.6, Native zinc oxide, ore of zinc,

MANGANESE, yellow-orange to deep red, idiochromatic, it could be a pigment, rare, brittle, and opaque.

15, ZINC SILIATE, is found in New Jersey, at the Franklin Mine.

ZINC, yellow, yellow-green and green transparent, and opaque white, opaque yellow, orange, red, brown and black. Idiochromatic zinc makes all the colors except those in the cyan spectrum. 

16,

CORUNDUM, Al₂O₃,H9 STANDARD MOHS', SG-3.99, trigonal system, transparent.

CHROMIUM added for red and green, allochromatic.

IRON, makes crystals in blue, cyan, dark-green, yellow, orange, red and magenta. All transparent, all brittle, and all expensive as crushed pigments.

Ruby is the standard transparent red, #3, [YYMM]. It's opposition color mixing to dark neutral is Thalo Blue,(Cyan). In pigments, Thalo Blue Transparent mixes dark with Cadmium Red Opaque also. The other oppositions in paint are acrylic Thalo Green and Acra Violet by Liquitex. Burnt Umber (for yellow) and Opaque or Transparent Ultramarine Blue. All these pigment oppositions are in the painting section and as individual colors. Clicking here will take you to that section in new windows.

Sapphire blue is the standard transparent blue, #7. [MMCC].

Sapphire yellow is the standard transparent yellow, #1, [YYYY].

Sapphire pink deep is the standard magenta, #5, [MMMM].

ALUMINUM is just one surprise after another, here it is, the softest metal element making the hardest hydroxide, only the softer carbon element makes a harder crystal, the diamond is H10 STANDARD MOHS'. 

17,

QUARTZ, SiO₂, H7 STANDARD MOHS', SG-2.65 trigonal, clear crystal with allochromatic colors.

MANGANESE, standard purple, #6, [MMMC], transparent, amethyst crystals are from magenta to purple.

IRON, rose quartz is a light magenta. Citrine is from yellow to orange, centering dark, through brown. Iron also gives black [deep-red] to onyx, and red and orange in fire agate.

A second verity of quartz is mass and opaque, the aggregate crystals are too small to see.

COPPER, green to cyan, chalcedonies, jasper, and red carnelian, two opposing colors.

NICKEL, yellow-green standard color, #12, [CTTT], chrysoprase. Quartz has a complete range of colors except for ultramarine blue. All allochromatic with foreign elements, giving color to the crystal. Brittle, easy to crush into pigments. 

18,

OPAL, Si02+NH₂O, H6.5, SG-2.1, amorphous crystal, diffraction from spheroids give color. Transparent, translucent and opaque in different crystals. 
 

19,

RUTILE, TiO₂, H6.5, SG-4,23, tetragonal.

TITANIUM, red to brown and yellow to brown, colors centering to neutral dark. Just on the other side of the darkest center in the coloring wheel, brown is mixing with ultramarine blue and getting cooler, some of that blue color shows up. Titanium is the only element that can cross over the dark center. Idiochromatic. Transparent, translucent and opaque in the same crystal. Purple rutile is also found in the Alps, idiochromatic.

TITANIUM, yellow to yellow-brown or red to red-brown, brown changes to a neutral dark by continued mixing with the opposite spectrum colors, ultramarine, azure and cyan. All idiochromatic within titanium.

20,

21,

ANATASE, Tio2 H5.5, SG-3.9, tetragonal, metallic luster.

CASSITERITE, Sn0₂, H6, SG-6.9, ore of tin, tetragonal, metallic. The crystals are clear, yellow, red-brown or black. A one trick pony. This is the yellow pigments natural trip to neutral dark.

22,

HEMATITE, Fe₂O₃ r H5r SG-5.26, ore of iron, trigonal reniform masses, Cadmium Red streak, metallic.
 
 

23,

HALITE, NaC₁, H2.5, SG-2.2, salt is a cubic crystal that may show orange, spectrum purple #6 [MMMC] or blue coloration. It is brittle, soluble, and transparent. 

24,

FLUORITE, CaF₂, H4, SG-3.18, cubic system. Fluorite is allochromatic, it accepts a range of eleven colors, there is no cyan color. Fluorite is also a fluorescent, green to violet, Translucent. 

25,

CUMENGEITE, .Pb₂₁Cu₂OC₁₄₂[OH]40, H2.5, SG=4.6, cubic or tetragonal, two different crystals, depending on the majority mineral element.

LEAD, standard ultramarine blue color, #7,[MMCC], opaque, idiochromatic. Cumengeite.

COPPER, standard cyan color, #9,[CCCC], opaque, idiochromatic. Boleite crystals. 

26,

MALACHITE, Cu₂[C0₃][0H]2, H4, SG-3.6, mass or monoclinic systems.

COPPER, green standard color, #11,[CCYY], opaque, crushed pigment, idiochromatic.

27,

AZURITE, Cu3[CO₃]2[0H]2, H3.5, SG-3.7, monoclinic.

COPPER, Standard Azure color, #8, [MCCC]. Cyan-blue transparent to opaque, shows blue in mass. This was a popular ancient pigment color, crushed, rare. Copper Blue and lead white or vermilion will turn black, so there must be a painting isolation layer. It was usually applied with egg and varnished over and never mixed with other colors. The many hues and opacities of azurite ranging from an opaque ultramarine blue, cobalt blue to a opaque or transparent cyan, all effected by oil in a bad yellowing way. 

28,

CALCITE, CaCO₃, H3 STANDARDMOHS', SG-2.7, trigonal crystals, also aggregate and mass, colorless transparent to translucent.

IRON, Yellow allochromatic.

COPPER, "Iceland Spar", Cyan, allochromatic, polarizing filter. Adds ultramarine blue from different viewing angles.

COBALT, "Sphaeroc Cobaltite", standard Magenta Cool,#5, [MMMM], allochromatic.

29,

ARAGONITE, CaCo3, H3, SC-2.94, ortharhombic system, phosphorescent, clear.

30,

DOLOMITE, CaMg[Cu₃]2, H3.5, SG-2.85, trigonal, translucent clear, double refraction like the diamond.

31,

WITHERITE, BaCO₃, H3.5, SG-4.3, orthorhombic crystal system with twinned hexagonal pyramids, that's like the four sided pyramid the Egyptian's were so fond of. Light-translucent, colorless or centering yellow-green to brown, allochromatic. Ore source of barium, found with lead. Pigment extender. 

32, 

SMITHSONITE, ZnCO₃, H4, SG-4.4, trigonal crystal system.

ZINC, translucent green, Idiochromatic, pale. 

33,

AURICHALCITE, [Zn,Cu]5[Cu₃]2[0H]6, H1, SG-3.64, orthorhombic. White opaque.

ZINC AND COPPER, turquoise-green outside, white inside, opaque, crystal forming fragile hollow balls, idiochromatic.

34,

CERUSSITE, PbC03, H3.5, SG-6.5, orthorhombic of many forms, clear transparent, brittle lead and carbon.
 

35,

RHODOCHROSITE, MnCO₃, H3.5, SG-3.7, scalenohedral crystals in the trigonal system, opaque and transparent.

MANGANESE, red standard color, #3, [YYMM], idiochromatic. 

36

SIDERITE, FeCO₃, H4.0,SG-3.9, trigonal, rare gemstones.

IRON, yellow-green to brown, centering colors in different crystals, transparent or translucent. This crystal is the cool side of the Yellow scale to neutral dark. 
 
 

37,

DIOPTASE, CuSiO2[OH]2, H5, SG-3.3, trigonal, opaque.

COPPER, Dark-turquoise standard color, #10,[CCCY], idiochromatic, brittle. An ideal native pigment.

38,

CHRYSOCOLLA, [Cu,Al]₂H₂Si₂O₅[OH]4.nH₂O, H2, [with quartz H7], SG-2,6, monoclinic aggregate, idiochromatic copper.

COPPER, turquoise standard color, #10, [CCCY], pale opaque.

Rare crushed opaque pigment, replaced by man made Egyptian frit for a huge market by the Phoenicians.

39,

PHENAKITE, Be₂SiO₄, H7.5, SG-3, trigonal rhombohedral crystals, clear, allochromatic, triadic. NOTICE: CLEAR IS OPPOSITE OPAQUE. WHITE IS A TRANSLUCENT TO OPAQUE NOT CLEAR. CLEAR HAS NO WHITE IN IT.

BERYLLIUM, magenta, cyan, yellow, all pale and transparent. ANOTHER ALL COLOR CRYSTAL. 

40,

WOLLASTONITE, CaSiO₃, H5, SG-3, triclinic, tabular or masses. White opaque, orange fluorescence.

41,

DIOPSIDE, CaMgSi₂O₆, H6, monoclinic.

MAGNESIUM, yellow-green or purple [opposites], internal coloring.

CHROMIUM, dark green. Brittle translucent, foreign coloring. 

42,

SPHENE, CaTiSiO₅, H5.5, SG-3.5, monoclinic wedged shaped crystals and masses.

TITANIUM, yellow-green or yellow, to brown with neutral dark areas, in a transparent crystal. Centering yellow to neutral dark, through warm brown, is a common trait observed with titanium and iron. This is the way my coloring wheel works with yellow going to Brown as the neutral dark instead of Black. To reach Black, one would need a Transparent Yellow pigment that hasn't been around for a hundred years (1900). The outlawed Indian Yellow Brown Side, from cow urine, from mango leaf feed cows in India. This would mix with a Transparent Ultramarine Blue to a neutral dark. We artists have been deprived. Idiochromatic.

CHROMIUM, green, rare crystal, allochromatic. 

43,

ZIRCON, ZrSiO₄, H7, SG-4.6, tetragonal system ends with a four sided pyramid, transparent. Clear to red-brown opaque.

ZIRCONIUM, full spectrum of pale colors, additional heat makes yellow and blue crystals.

Brittle, idiochromatic, the transparent crystals are doubly refractive and rival the diamond in dispersion. 
 

44,

SERANDITE, Na[Mg₂+,Ca]2Si₃O₈[0H], H4.5, SG-3.5, triclinic.

MANGANESE, red-orange, pale, opaque. A weak manganese color with two electrons gone, idiochromatic.

45,

OLIVINE, [Mg,Fe]2SiO₄, H7, SG-3.3, orthorhombic crystals.

MANGANESE, red-orange opaque, shows up as brown when mixed with yellow-green, like the light color wheel, idiochromatic.

IRON, yellow-green, transparent, with two minerals, iron making a transparent yellow-green and manganese making an opaque split-analogous red-orange, what you get is a transparent yellow-green going to opaque brown in the same crystal, or anywhere in between, the peridot series. 

46,

KYANITE, Al₂SiO₅, H7.5 across 4.5 down, SG-3.7, triclinic.

ALUMINUM, white, pale-green to gray, opaque to translucent. Pleochroistic, [changing colors with direction], transparent light green background when perfect, with a "blue light" stripe, translucent. The aluminum element plays tricks with light that no other element can. 

47,

SPODUMENE, LiAlSi₂O₆, H7, SG-3, monoclinic, transparent, ore of Lithium.

LITHIUM, yellow-green, yellow, orange, red, and a Cool Magenta Standard crystal called "Lilac Kunzite". Clear to pale translucent, idiochromatic. Red-orange phosphorescent, the opposite of the missing cyan. It's mind boggling :)

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, enhances iron and chromium.

IRON, warm green, allochromatic.

CHROMIUM, cool green, allochromatic, works well with aluminum, as in the Corundum compound [Ruby]. 
 

48,

LEUCITE, KAlSi₂O₆, H5.5, SG-2.5, tetragonal, opaque, white.

ALUMINUM, very pale yellow-orange crystal. The aluminum spin on this compound is interference colors on the cut face, like an oil film on water, with orange fluorescence in long-wave ultraviolet light and blue under X-rays. 

49,

ORTHOCLASE, KAlSi₃0₈, H6 STANDARD MOHS', SG-2.5, monoclinic.

ALUMINUM, pale yellow-orange opaque crystals. The transparent yellow gem [moonstone], has internal light diffusion, another light trick by the inclusion of aluminum. 

50,

BERYL, Be₃Al₂[Si0₃]6, H7.5,SG-2.7, hexagonal crystal system.

BERYLLIUM element in Beryl crystal, cyan, yellow, idiochromatic.

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, idiochromatic,

IRON, green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, red, scarlet, magenta purple, blue, azure, cyan, turquoise, iron at it's best will display the whole spectrum in Beryl. Allochromatic.

CHROMIUM, green standard, #11, [CCYY] and red, allochromatic.

MANGANESE, red, allochromatic.

Double elements in yellow #1,[YYYY], cyan #9,[CCCC], red #3, [YYMM], and green #11,[CCYY], all standard colors. Yellow [heliodor], magenta [morganite], cyan [aquamarine] and green [emerald].

ALUMINUM in beryl excepts a lot of foreign chromates, just as it does in the corundum and spodumene compounds, Here an aluminum light trick is found in aquamarine, light cyan is seen from one direction and deep blue from a 90 degree off angle.

51,

EUCLASE, BeASi0₄[0H], H6.7, SG-3, monoclinic system.

BERYLLIUM, standard color cyan, #9,[CCCC], yellow to cyan, idiochromatic, transparent.

52,

GROSSULAR, Ca₃Al₂[SiO₄]3, H7, SG-3.5, cubic, garnet group.

ALUMINUM, standard color orange, #2,[YYYM], yellow to orange, centering to brown, idiochromatic, transparent, CHROMIUM, green, allochromatic.

53, 

LABRACORITE, NaAlSi₃O₈-CaAl₂Si₂O₈, H6, SG-2.5, sodium-aluminum series of plagioclase feldspars.

ALUMINUM, blue to cyan color plus an unusual effect called schiller, the inside glow of cyan color moves with you, playing off included lamellae minerals. Idiochromatic, opaque.

IRON, yellow to red, the allochromatic intrusion of hematite reverses the spectrum to show it's opposite colors. 

54,

SPESSARTINE, Mn₃Al₂[SiO₄]3, H7, SG-4, cubic, garnet family.

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, turning red to orange with manganese.

MANGANESE, orange to red, transparent, idiochromatic.

IRON, red, transparent, allochromatic, adding transparent red until it's a deep transparent red. This is only a 30 degree span of color with no complementary intrusion toward centering. This is the light "almandine garnet".

55,

ALMANDINE, Fe₃Al₂[SiO4]3, H7, SG-4, cubic, transparent, Garnet.

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, added to the red of iron, idiochromatic.

IRON, red, idiochromatic, transparent.

CHROMIUM, red, transparent, allochromatic. These two elements together make a transparent red and transparent red deeply saturated. This red is so deep and spectrum dark it has to be very thinly sliced to see any color at all. "Deeply saturated" means a transparent to opaque color skipping translucent.

56,

EPIDOTE. Ca₂[Al,Fe₃+]3[SiO₄]3[OH], H7, SG-3.4, monoclinic.

ALUMINUM, yellow-orange, transparent, idiochromatic, pleochroistic directional change of color.

IRON, yellow-green Epidote has a unique coloring system, combining split analogous colors yellow-green and orange, through brown to a warm neutral dark transparent color. 

57,

VESUVIANITE, Ca10Mg₂Al₄[SiO₄]5[Si₂07]2[OH]4, H7, SG-3.3,

MAGNESIUM, wants to go dark and opaque, or transparent, either way, it does it with flair.

ALUMINUM, yellow, transparent, standard #1[YYYY], and blue, transparent, standard #7 [MMCC], centering to neutral. Crystals in the tetragonal system, some masses in the orange or azure range. By centering yellow to brown, the three analogous colors of this gem, yellow-green, yellow and orange go to brown. On the other side of this analogous range is blue, blue crystals were found in Norway. Idiochromatic.

CHROMIUM, green, allochromatic. 

58,

APOPHYLLITE, KCa₄Si₈O₂O[F,OH]8H₂O, H4.5, SG-2.

White to pale cool green, opaque, idiochromatic, non-metallic mineral. 

59,

TOPAZ, Al₂[F,OH]₂SiO₄, H8 STANDARD MOHS', SG-3.53, orthorhombic crystal system.

ALUMINUM, yellow, mostly orange, red and magenta, some azure crystals come from Zimbabwe.

Idiochromatic colors of aluminum under high pressure. 

60,

ELBAITE, Na[Li,Al]3Al₆[BO₃]3Si₆₁₈[OH]4, H7.25, SG-3.05, trigonal, tourmaline group, transparent, pyroelectricity w/heat.

IRON, green, red, and pink Magenta, brown.

LITHIUM, yellow, magenta, idiochromatic.

ALUMINUM, yellow, blue, idiochromatic.

MANGANESE, orange and red, allochromatic.

COPPER, green, cyan, allochromatic. Many Elbaite crystals show more then one color in a clear rainbow ordered spectrum. 

61,

LAPIS LAZULI, H5-6, SG-2.8, or higher if pyrite is included. This is the Standard Color for ultramarine blue opaque, #7, [MMCC], an ancient pigment. A rock of many compounds. Lazurite, a sodium aluminum silicate with sulfide, deep blue crystals. Hauyne, Sodalite, [a sodium aluminum silicate with sodium chloride that occurs in crystals and masses], and Nosean. Lapis lazuli is a contact metamorphic mineral found in limestone and granite, the best is found in Afghanistan, from ancient times until today.
 
 

62,

TURQUOISE, CuAl₆(PO₄]4[OH]8.4-5H₂O, H5.5, SG-2.7, triclinic.

ALUMINUM, transparent.

COPPER, turquoise standard color, #10,[CCCY], transparent. Transparent turquoise crystals are rare, it's usually found in opaque masses, idiochromatic. 

63,

WAVELLITE, Al₃[PO₄]2[OH,F]3.5H₂O, H3.5, SG-2.36, orthorhombic crystal system, acicular, like the needles of Rutile suspended in clear crystal, only these needle crystals form a dense rocklike mass.

ALUMINUM, yellow, brown, blue, centering standard, transparent. Aluminum really does it big this time, each needle starts at the center radiating outward, concentrical ringed bands form around the center, each band ending as a cleavage line, twenty or so bands per complete needle crystal. The band itself can change from clear transparent to opaque white while at the center, the second band range is transparent yellow crystal, then brown, then blue. From brown to blue, the crystal can change into an aggregate and lose it's crystal properties. THIS MINERAL PHOSPHATE SHOWS THE CENTERING OF YELLOW TO BROWN AND BROWN TO BLUE, LIKE MY REAL COLOR WHEEL FOR PIGMENTS. 

64,

BRAZILIANITE, NaAl₃[PO₄]2[0H]4, H5.5, SG-2.9, monoclinic.

ALUMINUM, yellow, cool, transparent, idiochromatic. 

65,

AUTUNITE, Ca[UO₂]2[PO₄]2.10-12H₂O, H2, SG-3.1, tetragonal.

URANIUM, yellow, translucent, Idiochromatic uranium, warm to cool yellow, pigment in the 1940's, fluorescent yellow. 

66,

VIVIANITE, Fe₃[P0₄].8H₂0, Hardness 1.5, SG-2.68, monoclinic.

IRON, standard color for cyan, #9,[CCCC], transparent, idiochromatic. Cyan to green crystals.

Laminae fibrous, long thin radiated crystals, transparent clear when first mined, turning cyan with light exposure. 

67,

LEGRANDITE, Zn₂[AsO₄][OH],H20 H5, SG-4, monoclinic family.

ZINC, yellow, cool, transparent, idiochromatic.

ARSENIC, standard yellow, #1, [YYYY], transparent, idiochromatic. Bright yellow idiochromatic, with zinc and arsenic. Arsenic taking it to the warm side in the luminous shadows. Probably the strongest yell